HP HP 8753E - Manuals

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Safety Symbols The following safety symbols are used throughout this manual. yourself with each of the symbols and its meaning before operating this instrument. Caution Caution denotes a hazard. It calls attention to a procedure that, if not correctly performed or adhered to, would result in damage ...

General Safety Considerations Note This instrument has been designed and tested in accordance with IEC Publication 1010, Safety Requirements for Electronics Measuring Apparatus, and has been supplied in a safe condition. This instruction documentation contains information and warnings which must be ...

Caution This product is designed for use in Installation Category II and Pollution Degree 2 per IEC 1010 and 664 respectively. Caution VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS: When the product in a cabinet, the convection into and out of the product must not be restricted. The ambient temperature (outside the cabi...

User’s Guide Overview n Chapter 1, “HP 8753E Description and Options, describes features, functions, and available options. n Chapter 2, “Making Measurements,” contains step-by-step procedures for making measurements or using particular functions. n Chapter 3, “Making Mixer Measurements, contains st...

Network Analyzer Documentation Set The Installation and Quick Guide familiarizes you with the network analyzer’s front and rear panels, electrical and environmental operating requirements, as well as procedures for installing, configuring, and verifying the operation of the analyzer. The User’s Guid...

1. HP 8753E Description and Options Where to Look for More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analyzer Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Front Panel Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analyzer Display . . . . . . ...

3. Set Up the Lower Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-63 Set Up the Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-63 Set Up the Upper Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-63 Calibrate and Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-64 Measureme...

LO to RF Isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-33 RF Feedthrough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-35 4. Printing, Plotting, and Measurement Results Where to Look for More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 2 Printing...

What You Can Save to a Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saving an Instrument State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saving Measurement Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ASCII Data Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

Deleting Frequency Segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-36 Compensating for Directional Coupler Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-36 Using Sample-and-Sweep Correction Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-37 Using Continuous Correction Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

7 . LO Frequency Accuracy and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-161 Up-Conversion and Down-Conversion Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-161 Conversion Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-164 Isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

Environmental Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-20 General Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-20 Operating Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-20 Non-Operating Storage Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...

If the Peripheral Is a Plotter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-10 Compatible Printer (used as a plotter) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-10 Pen Plotter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-12 If the Peripheral Is a Power Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

Example List Set . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Keyword Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Determining System Measurement Uncertainties Sources of Measurement Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...

l-l. HP 8753E Front Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analyzer Display Channel, Cartesian Format) . . . . . . . . . . . . . HP 8753E Rear Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic Measurement Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-...

4-2. Printing Two Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3. Peripheral Connections to the Analyzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4. Plot Components Available through Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5. Line Types Available . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

9-2. Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Keyboard Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2. Code Naming Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1. Memory Requirements of Calibration and Memory Trace Arrays . . . . . . . 12-2....

This chapter contains information on the following topics: n Analyzer overview n Analyzer description n panel features Analyzer display Rear panel features and connectors n Analyzer options available n Service and support options Differences among the HP 8753 network analyzers Where to Look for More...

Analyzer Description The HP 8753E is a high performance vector network analyzer for laboratory or production measurements of reflection and transmission parameters. It integrates a high resolution synthesized RF source, an S-parameter test set, and a four-channel three-input receiver to measure and ...

Front Panel Features Caution Do not mistake the line switch for the disk eject button. See the figure below. If the line switch is mistakenly pushed, the instrument will be turned off, losing all settings and data that have not been saved. Figure l-l. 8753E Front Panel F’igure l-l shows the location...

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. The block. This block includes the knob, the step keys, the number pad, and the backspace key. These allow you to enter numerical data and control the markers. You can use the numeric keypad to select digits, decimal points, and a minus sign for numerical entries. You must also s...

Analyzer Display DATA DISPLAY AREA 2 Figure 1-2. Analyzer Display (Single Channel, Cartesian Format) The analyzer display shows various measurement information: n The grid where the analyzer plots the measurement data. n The currently selected measurement parameters. n The measurement data traces. F...

2. Stimulus Stop Value. This value could be any one of the following: n The stop frequency of the source in frequency domain measurements. n The stop time in time domain measurements or CW sweeps. The upper limit of a power sweep. When the stimulus is in center/span mode, is shown in this space. The...

Hld PC PC? Smo Harmonic mode is on, and the second harmonic is being measured (harmonics Option 002 only). (See “Analyzer Options Available” later in this chapter.)Harmonic mode is on, and the third harmonic is being measured (harmonics Option 002 only). (See “Analyzer Options Available” later in th...

Panel Features and Connectors Figure 1-3. HP 8753E Panel Figure illustrates the features and connectors of the rear panel, described below. Requirements for input signals to the rear panel connectors are provided in Chapter 7, “Specifications and Measurement 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.8.9. connector. This ...

Analyzer Options Available Option High Stability Frequency Reference Option offers ppm temperature stability from 0 to 60 (referenced to 25 Option 002, Harmonic Mode Provides measurement of second or third harmonics of the test device’s fundamental output signal. Frequency and power sweep are suppor...

Option Rack Mount Flange Kit With Handles Option is a rack mount kit containing a pair of flanges and the necessary hardware to mount the instrument with handles attached in an equipment rack with 482.6 mm (19 inches) spacing. Service and Support Options Hewlett-Packards offers many repair and calib...

Differences among the HP 8753 Network Analyzers l-l. Comparing the Opt 011 N o N oN o Yes Feature Fully integrated measurement system (built-in test No N o N o port power Auto/manual power selecting Port power No No Internal disk drive No N o Precision frequency reference (Option No N o Frequency ra...

This Chapter contains the following example procedures for making measurements or using particular functions: n Basic measurement sequence and example Setting frequency range Setting source power Analyzer display functions n Four-Parameter Display Mode Analyzer marker functions n Magnitude and inser...

Principles of Microwave Connector Care Proper connector care and connection techniques are critical for accurate, repeatable measurements. Refer to the calibration kit documentation for connector care information. Prior to making connections to the network analyzer, carefully review the information ...

Basic Measurement Sequence and Example Basic Measurement Sequence There are five basic steps when you are making a measurement. 1. Connect the device under test and any required test equipment. Caution Damage may result to the device under test if it is sensitive to the analyzer’s default output pow...

4. set the span to 30 MHz, press: Note You could also press the and keys and enter the frequency range limits as start frequency and stop frequency values Setting the Source Power. 5. change the power level to -5 press: Note You could also press and select one of the power ranges to keep the power s...

Caution Do not mistake the Iine switch for the disk eject button. See the figure below. If the Iine switch is mistakenly pushed, the instrument be turned off, losing settings and data that have not been saved. Step 4. Measure the device under test. 11. Replace any standard used for error-correction ...

Using the Display Functions View Both Primary Measurement Channels In some cases, you may want to view more than one measured parameter at a time. Simultaneous gain and phase measurements for example, are useful in evaluating stability in negative feedback amplifiers. You can easily make such measur...

3. To return to a single-graticule display, press: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Note You can control the stimulus functions of the two channels independent of each Save a Data Trace to the Display Memory Press to store the current active measurement data in the memory of t...

Title the Active Channel Display . q If you have a DIN keyboard attached to the analyzer, type the title you want from the keyboard. Then press to enter the title into the analyzer. You can enter a title that has a maximum of 50 characters. (For more information on using a keyboard with the analyzer...

The display will appear as shown in 2-5. Channel 1 is in the upper left quadrant of the display, channel 2 is in the upper right quadrant, and channel 3 is in the lower half of the display. L O G . 5 R E F - 2 1 7 S s p 1 9 9 8 L O G 1 0 R E F C E N T R 1 3 4 . 0 0 0 M H z 4 5 . 0 0 0 M H z S T A R ...

This enables channel 4 and the screen now displays four separate grids as shown in 2-6. Channel 4 is in the lower-right quadrant of the screen. 2 S e p 1 9 9 8 5 7 LOG . 5 REF - 2 L O G 1 0 R E F - 5 0 C E N T R 1 3 4 . 0 0 0 4 5 . 0 0 0 M H z L O G 1 0 R E F - 5 0 I I I I I I I I C E N T R 1 3 4 . ...

13. Press again. Observe that the LED is flashing, indicating that channel 3 is active. 14. Rotate the front panel control knob and notice that marker 2 still moves on all four channel traces. 15. To independently control the channel markers: Press (Marker) set to UNCOUPLED. . .. .../ . . . . . .......

Using Analyzer Display Markers The analyzer markers provide numerical readout of trace data. You can control the marker search, the statistical functions, and the capability for quickly changing stimulus parameters with markers, from the key. Markers have a stimulus value (the x-axis value in a Cart...

Activate Display Markers switch on marker 1 and make it the active marker, press: The active marker appears on the analyzer display as V. The active marker stimulus value is displayed in the active entry area. You can modify the stimulus value of the active marker, using the front panel knob or nume...

Move Marker Information off of the Grids If marker information obscures the display traces, you can turn off the menu and move the marker information off of the display traces and into the menu area. Pressing the backspace key performs this function. This is a toggle function of the backspace key. T...

4. Restore the menu and move the marker information back onto the graticules: Press The display will be similar to Figure 2-11. L O G 5 R E F - 2 1 5 1 . 5 0 9 M H z ‘ - 3 . 1 5 8 5 MHz C E N T R 1 3 4 . 0 0 0 M H z S P A N 4 5 . 0 0 0 M H z LOG 151.509 REF -50 500 MHz M a r k e r s - - MHZ I I I I ...

and move marker 2 to any position that you want to measure in reference Figure 2-12. 1 as the Reference Marker Example 4. change the reference marker to marker 2, press: Activate a Fixed Marker When a reference marker is it does not rely on a current trace to maintain its fixed position. The analyze...

Couple and Uncouple Display Markers At a preset state, the markers have the same values on each channel, but they can be uncoupled so that each channel has independent markers. . . . . . : for the display channels. Choose if you want the analyzer to uncouple the marker stimulus . . . . . . . . ..<...

2. Select the type of polar marker you want from the following choices: n Choose if you want to view the magnitude and the phase of the active marker. The magnitude values appear in and the phase values appear in degrees. active marker. The magnitude values appear in and the phase values appear in d...

The marker annotation tells that the complex impedance is capacitive in the bottom half of the Smith chart display and is inductive in the top half of the display. n Choose if you want the analyzer to show the linear magnitude and the phase of the reflection coefficient at the marker. n Choose if yo...

Setting the Start Frequency 1. and turn the front panel knob, or enter a value from the front panel keypad to position the marker at the value that you want for the start frequency. the value of the marker. Figure 2-18. Example of Setting Setting the Stop Frequency 1. 2. Press and turn the front pan...

the Center Frequency 1. Press and turn the front panel knob, or enter a value from the front panel keypad to position the marker at the value that you want for the center frequency. Press to change the center frequency value to the value of the active marker. Figure 2-20. Example of Setting the Cent...

Setting the Frequency Span You can set the span equal to the spacing between two markers. If you set the center frequency before you set the frequency span, you will have a better view of the area of interest. 1. 2. Turn the front panel knob, or enter a value from the front panel keypad to position ...

Setting the Display Reference 1. Press and turn the front panel knob, or enter a value from the front panel keypad to position the marker at the value that you want for the analyzer display reference value. 2. Press to change the reference value to the value of the active marker. . . . . . . . . . ....

Setting the Electrical Delay This feature adds phase delay to a variation in phase versus frequency, therefore it is only applicable for inputs. 2. Press and turn the front panel knob, or enter a value from the front panel keypad to position the marker at a point of interest. . . . . Press to automa...

Search for a Specific Amplitude These functions place the marker at an amplitude-related point on the trace. If you switch on tracking, the analyzer searches every new trace for the target point. Searching for the Maximum Amplitude . . . . . . Press to move the active marker to the maximum point on ...

Searching for the Minimum Amplitude Press to access the marker search menu. ii. ........ . .. . .. . . Press to move the active marker to the minimum point on the measurement trace. 14 85 I I I I I I I I I I I Figure 2-25. Example of Searching for the Minimum Amplitude Using a Marker Making Measurem...

Searching for a Amplitude Press to move the active marker to the target point on the measurement trace. 3. If you want to change the target amplitude value (default is -3 press and enter the new value from the front panel keypad. 4. If you want to search for multiple responses at the target amplitud...

Searching for a Bandwidth The analyzer can automatically calculate and display the -3 bandwidth (BW:), center frequency (CENT:), Q, and loss of the device under test at the center frequency. (Q stands for “quality factor,” as the ratio of a circuit’s resonant frequency to its bandwidth.) These value...

Calculate the Statistics of the Measurement Data This function calculates the mean, standard deviation, and peak-to-peak values of the section of the displayed trace between the active marker and the delta reference. If there is no delta reference, the analyzer calculates the statistics for the enti...

Measuring Magnitude and Insertion Phase Response The analyzer allows you to make two different measurements simultaneously. You can make these measurements in different formats for the same parameter. For example, you could measure both the magnitude and phase of transmission. You could also measure...

4. Reconnect your test device. 5. better view the measurement trace, press: . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. To locate the maximum amplitude of the device response, as shown in Figure 2-30, press: . . . . . . . . . Figure 2-30. Example Magnitude Response Measurement Results Measuring Insertion Phase Res...

Measuring Electrical Length and Phase Distortion Electrical Length The analyzer mathematically implements a function similar to the mechanical “line stretchers” of earlier analyzers. This feature simulates a variable length transmission line, which you can add to or remove from the analyzer’s receiv...

3. Substitute a thru for the device and perform a response calibration by pressing: Reconnect your test device. 5. To better view the measurement trace, press: . . Notice that in Figure 2-34 the SAW filter under test has considerable phase shift within only a 2 MHz span. Other filters may require a ...

8. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . length until you achieve the best flat line, as shown in Figure 2-35.The measurement value that the analyzer displays represents the electrical length of your device relative to the speed of light in free space. The physi...

1. 2. 3. 4. Follow the procedure in “Measuring Electrical Length.” increase the scale resolution, press: . . . . To use the marker statistics to measure the maximum peak-to-peak deviation from linear phase, press: M a r k e r F c t n Activate and adjust the electrical delay to obtain a minimum peak-...

3. activate a marker to measure the group delay at a particular frequency, press: and turn the front panel knob, or enter a value from the front panel keypad. Figure 2-37. Group Delay Example Measurement Group delay measurements may require a specific aperture or frequency spacing between measuremen...

5. increase the effective group points over which the analyzer delay aperture, by increasing the number of measurement calculates the group delay, press: As the aperture is increased the “smoothness” of the trace improves markedly, but at the expense of measurement detail. Group Delay Figure 2-39. E...

A Device with Limit Lines Limit testing is a measurement technique that compares measurement data to constraints that you define. Depending on the results of this comparison, the analyzer will indicate if your device either passes or fails the test. Limit testing is implemented by creating individua...

4. Reconnect your test device. 5. To better view the measurement trace, press: S c a l e R e f ... ......... ..... Creating Flat Limit Lines In this example procedure, the following flat Iimit Iine values are set: Frequency Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...

5. To terminate the flat line segment by establishing a single point limit, press: Figure 2-41 shows the flat limit lines that you have just created with the following parameters: n stimulus from 127 MHz to 140 MHz n upper limit of -21 n lower limit of -27 Figure 2-41. Example Flat Limit Line 6. cre...

Figure 2-42. Example Flat Limit Lines Creating a Sloping Limit Line This example procedure shows you how to make limits that test the shape factor of a SAW The following are set: 1. 2 . Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...

Creating Single Point Limits In this example procedure, the following are set: 1. 2 . from -23 to -28.5 at 141 MHz from -23 to -28.5 at 126.5 MHz access the menu and activate the Iimit press: Figure 2-44. Example Single Points Limit Line Making Measurements

Editing Limit Segments This example shows you how to edit the upper limit of a limit line. 1. To access the limits menu and activate the limit lines, press: 2. symbol on the analyzer display to the segment you wish to modify, press: 3. To change the upper limit (for example, -20) of a limit line, pr...

Offsetting Limit Lines The limit offset functions allow you to adjust the limit lines to the frequency and output level of your device. For example, you could apply the stimulus offset feature for testing tunable Or, you could apply the amplitude offset feature for testing variable attenuators, or r...

Measuring Gain Compression Gain compression occurs when the input power of an amplifier is increased to a level that reduces the gain of the amplifier and causes a nonlinear increase in output power. The point at which the gain is reduced by 1 is called the 1 compression point. The gain compression ...

b. To uncouple the channel stimulus so that the channel power will be uncoupled, press: 7 . 8 . 9 . 10. 11. This will allow you to separately increase the power for channel 2 and channel 1, so that you can observe the gain compression on channel 2 while channel 1 remains unchanged. c. display the ra...

CHZ t I 2 R E F 1 9 0 1 9 9 5 6 1 3 2 B I MRG 5 R E F 1 7 . 6 4 7 4 o k 1 S T A R T - 2 5 . C W 1 MHz S T O P 0 . 0 Figure 2-48. Gain Compression Using Power Sweep Making Measurements

Measuring Gain and Reverse Isolation Simultaneously Since an amplifier will have high gain in the forward direction and high isolation in the reverse direction, the gain will be much greater than the reverse isolation Therefore, the power you apply to the input of the amplifier for the forward measu...

Measurements Using the Swept List Mode When using a list frequency sweep, the HP 8753E has the ability to sweep arbitrary frequency segments, each containing a list of frequency points. Two different list frequency sweep modes can be selected: Stepped List Mode Swept List Mode In this mode, the sour...

Set Up the Lower Parameters 3. set up the segment for the lower stopband, press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. maximize the dynamic in the (increasing the incident power and narrowing the IF bandwidth), press 6. specify a lower power level for the passband, press . . . . . .. . . . . . . ....

8. e the dynamic range in the (increasing the incident power and narrowing the IF bandwidth), press: . . . . . . . Press i i Calibrate and Measure 1. 2. 3. Remove the DUT and perform a full two-port calibration. Refer to Chapter 5, “Optimizing Measurement Results. With the thru connected, set the sc...

Filter Measurement Using Linear Sweep (Power: 0 BW: 3700 SEGMENT Power: 0 IF BW: Hz SEGMENT 3 Power: IF BW: 300 Hz 2 Power: -10 IF BW: 3700 Hz Figure 2-53. Filter Measurement Using Swept List Mode Making Measurements

Measurements Using the Tuned Receiver Mode In the tuned receiver mode, the analyzer’s receiver operates independently of any signal source. This mode is not phase-locked and functions in all sweep types. The analyzer tunes the receiver to a synthesized CW input signal at a precisely specified freque...

External Source Requirements An analyzer in tuned receiver mode can receive input signals into PORT 1, PORT 2, or R CHANNEL IN. Input power range specifications are provided in Chapter 7, Specifications and Measurement Uncertainties. Making Measurements

Sequencing Test sequencing you to automate repetitive tasks. As you make a measurement, the analyzer memorizes the keystrokes. Later you can repeat the entire sequence by pressing a single key. Because the sequence is defined with normal measurement keystrokes, you do not need additional programming...

Creating a Sequence 1. enter the sequence creation mode, press: As shown in F’igure 2-55, a list of instructions appear on the analyzer display to help you create or edit a sequence. Figure 2-55. Sequencing Help Instructions 2. select a sequence position in which to store your sequence, press: This ...

Changing the Sequence Title If you are storing sequences on a disk, you should replace the default titles . . . 1. 2. 3. To select a sequence that you want to retitle, press: and select the particular sequence . . . . . The analyzer shows the available title characters. The current title is displaye...

Storing a Sequence on a Disk 1. To format a disk, refer to Chapter 4, “Printing, Plotting, and Saving Measurement Results.” 2. To save a sequence to the internal disk, press: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The disk drive access light should turn on briefly. When it goes out, the sequenc...

Loading a Sequence from Disk For this procedure to work, the desired must exist on the disk in the analyzer drive. 1. To view the six sequences on the disk, press: n If the desired sequence is not among the six files, press: :: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Press the next to the title of ...

Cascading Multiple Example Sequences By cascading test sequences, you can create subprograms for a larger test sequence. You can also cascade sequences to extend the length of test sequences to greater than 200 lines In this example, you are shown two sequences that have been cascaded. You can do th...

Loop Counter Example Sequence This example shows you the basic steps necessary for constructing a looping structure within a test sequence. A typical application of this loop counter structure is for repeating a specific measurement as you step through a series of CW frequencies or dc bias levels Fo...

Generating Files in a Loop Counter Example Sequence This example shows how to increment the names of tiles that are generated by a sequence with a loop structure. Start of Sequence LOOP COUNTER 7 xl INTERNAL DISK DATA ONLY ON DO SEQUENCE SEQUENCE 2 Making Measurements

Measuring Swept Harmonics (Option 002 Only) The analyzer has the unique capability of measuring swept second and third harmonics as a function of frequency in a real-time manner. Figure 2-56 displays the absolute power of the fundamental and second harmonic in Figure 2-57 shows the second harmonic’s...

B I MRG S R E F 0 1 7 . 6 7 4 2 I I I I I I I I CHZ S T A R T 1 6 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 MHz S T O P 1 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 M H z Figure 2-57. Harmonic Power Level in Making Measurements

Measuring a Device in the Time Domain (Option 010 Only) The HP 8753E Option 010 allows you to measure the time domain response of a device. Time domain analysis is useful for isolating a device problem in time or in distance. Time and distance are related by the velocity factor of your device under ...

2. choose the measurement parameters, press: 3. Substitute a thru for the device under test and perform a frequency response correction. Refer to “Calibrating the Analyzer,” located at the beginning of this Chapter, for a detailed procedure. 4. Reconnect your device under test. 5. To transform the d...

2-2. Gate Characteristics Gate Span Minimum Span Normal -68 Span Wide fO.l -57 Span -70 Span I NOTE: With 1601 frequency points, gating is available only the mode. Gate Span Span Span Span I The ripple and levels are descriptive of the gate shape. The cutoff time is the time between the stop time (-...

Reflection Response in Time Domain The time domain response of a reflection measurement is often compared with the time domain reflectometry (TDR) measurements. Like the TDR, the analyzer measures the size of the reflections versus time (or distance). Unlike the TDR, the time domain capability of th...

4. To better view the measurement trace, press: . . . . . . . . 2-64 shows the frequency domain reflection response of the cables under test. The complex ripple pattern is caused by reflections from the adapters interacting with each other. By transforming this data to the time domain, you can deter...

7. enter the relative velocity of the cable under test, press: and enter a velocity factor for your cable under test. Note Most cables have a relative velocity of 0.66 (for polyethylene dielectrics) or 0.7 (for teflon dielectrics). If you would like the markers to read actual one-way distance rather...

Non-coaxial Measurements The capability of making non-coaxial measurements is available with the HP 8753 family of analyzers with (thru-reflect-line) or (line-reflect-match) calibration. For in-depth information on calibration, refer to Chapter 6, “Application and Operation Concepts. Non-coaxial, on...

Measurement Considerations ensure successful mixer measurements, the following measurement challenges must be taken into consideration: Mixer Considerations . . . . q Source and Load Mismatches q Reducing the Effect of Spurious Responses q Eliminating Unwanted Mixing and Leakage Signals n Analyzer O...

n In a down converter measurement where the is selected, the notation on the analyzer’s setup diagram indicates that the analyzer’s source frequency is labeled RF, connecting to the mixer RF port, and the analyzer’s receiver frequency is labeled IF, connecting to the mixer IF port. Because the RF fr...

Frequency Offset Mode Operation Frequency offset measurements do not begin until all of the frequency offset mode parameters are set. These include the following: n Start and Stop IF Frequencies n frequency n Up Converter Down Converter n The LO frequency for frequency offset mode must be set to the...

A N A L Y Z E R Figure 3-3. Channel External Connection 4. Measure the output power in the R channel by pressing: Observe the 13 to 16 offset in measured power. The actual input power level to the R channel input must be 0 or less, -10 typical, to avoid receiver saturation effects The minimum signal...

Power Meter Calibration Mixer transmission measurements are generally configured as measured power (watts) /set power (Watts) OR measured set input power For this reason, the set input power must be accurately controlled in order to ensure measurement accuracy.The amplitude variation of the analyzer...

Conversion Loss Using the Frequency Offset Mode Conversion loss is the measure of efficiency of a mixer. It is the ratio of side-band IF power to RF signal power, and is usually expressed in express ratios in the power in the denominator must be subtracted from the power in the numerator.) The mixer...

15. To select the converter type and a high-side measurement configuration, press: . . . . . . . . . . . . Notice in this high-side LO, down conversion configuration, the analyzer’s source is sweeping backwards, as shown in Figure 3-7. The measurement setup diagram is shown in Figure 3-8. Figure 3-7...

18. view the conversion loss in the best vertical resolution, press: Figure 3-9. Conversion Loss Example Measurement In this measurement, you set the input power and measured the output power. 3-9 shows the absolute loss through the mixer versus mixer output frequency. If the mixer under test contai...

High Dynamic Range Swept RF/IF Conversion Loss The HP frequency offset mode enables the testing of high dynamic range frequency converters (mixers), by tuning the analyzer’s high dynamic range receiver above or below its source, by a offset. This capability allows the complete measurement of both pa...

N E T W O R K A N A L Y Z E R P O W E R M E T E R I I Figure 3-10. Connections for Broad Band Power Meter Calibration 4. Select the HP 8753E as the system controller: 5. Set the power meter’s address: 8. Perform a one sweep power meter calibration over the IF frequency range at 0 Note Because power ...

9. Connect the measurement equipment as shown in Figure 3-11. Figure Connections for Calibration 10. 11. 12. 13. Set the following analyzer parameters: calibrate the B-channel over the IF range, press: Once completed, the analyzer should display 0 Make the connections shown in Figure 3-12. Set the s...

Figure START MHZ STOP 3-13. Example of Swept IF Conversion Loss Measurement Making Mixer Measurements

Fixed IF Mixer Measurements A IF can be produced by using both a swept RF and LO that are offset by a certain frequency. With proper filtering, this offset frequency will be present at the IF port of the mixer. This measurement requires two external RF sources as stimuli. Figure 3-15 shows the hardw...

A N A L Y Z E R EXT EXT REFERENCE REFERENCE OUT IN 10 EXTERNAL RF SOURCE 6 EXTERNAL LO SOURCE Figure 3-14. Connections for a Response Calibration 4. Press the following keys on the analyzer to create sequence 1: Note enter the following sequence commands that require titling, an external keyboard ma...

the User to a Mixer to the Set Up ... .........A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Initializing a Loop Counter Value to 26 (xl) (xl) . . ............. . .. . .. ................... . . . . . . . . . . ... . ... . .. .... Addressing and Conflguring...

the Next Measurement Sequence Start of Sequence RECALL PRST STATE SYSTEM CONTROLLER TUNED RECEIVER ADD NUMBER OF POINTS DONE DONELIST FREQ B TITLE PERIPHERAL HPIB ADDR PERIPHERAL TITLE TITLE TO PERIPHERALCALIBRATE: RESPONSECAL STANDARD CLASS TITLE CONNECT MIXER PAUSE LOOP COUNTER SCALE/DIV REFERENCE...

TITLE FREQ:MODECW;CW PERIPHERAL DO SEQUENCE Sequence 2 Setup The following sequence makes a series of measurements until 26 CW measurements are made and the loop counter value is equal to zero. This sequence includes: n taking data n incrementing the source frequencies decrementing the loop counter ...

S T A R T 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 S T A R T 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 S T O P 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 M H Z S T O P 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 M H Z Figure 3-16. Example Fixed IF Mixer Measurement Figure 3-16. Example Fixed IF Mixer Measurement The displayed trace represents the conversion loss of the mixer at 26 points. Each point corresponds...

Phase or Group Delay Measurements For information on group delay principles, refer to “Group Delay Principles” in Chapter 6. The accuracy of this measurement depends on the quality of the mixer that is being used for calibration and how well this mixer has been characterized. The following measureme...

550 MHz LOW PASS FILTER 10 10 REFERENCE CALIBRATION MIXER MIXER CONVERTER EXTERNAL LO SOURCE Figure 3-17. for a Group Delay Measurement 5. set the frequency offset mode LO frequency from the analyzer, press: . . . . . . . . 6. To select the converter type and a high-side LO measurement configuration...

8. To make a response error-correction, press: 9. Replace the “calibration” mixer with the device under test. If measuring group delay, set the delay equal to the “calibration” mixer delay (for example -0.6 ns) by pressing: 10. Scale the data for best vertical resolution. CorDel Smo Hld Ofs -CENTER ...

Amplitude and Phase Tracking Using the same measurement setup as in “Phase or Group Delay Measurements,” you can determine how well two mixers track each other in terms of amplitude and phase. 1. Repeat steps 1 through 8 of the previous “Group Delay Measurements” section with the following exception...

Conversion Compression Using the Frequency Offset Mode Conversion compression is a measure of the maximum RF input signal level, where the mixer provides linear operation. The conversion loss is the ratio of the IF output level to the RF input level. This value remains constant over a specified inpu...

Caution prevent connector damage, use an adapter (HP part number 1250-1462) as a connector saver for R CHANNEL IN. NETWORK ANALYZER Figure 3-20. Connections for the First Portion of Conversion Compression Measurement 5. view the absolute input power to the analyzer’s R channel, press: 6. To store a ...

Caution To prevent connector damage, use an adapter (HP part number 1250-1462) as a connector saver for R CHANNEL IN. NETWORK ANALYZER Figure 3-21. MIXER UNDER TEST 3 EXTERNAL LO SOURCE Connections for the Second Portion of Conversion Compression Measurement 8. set the frequency offset mode frequenc...

The measurements setup diagram is shown in Figure 3-22. NETWORK ANALYZER CW. 200 MHz CW: BOO MHz 600 MHz 13 FREO OFFS ON off LO MENUDOWN CONVERTER UP CONVERTER RF LO I RF < LO VIEW MEASURE RETURN Figure 3-22. Measurement Setup Diagram Shown on Analyzer Display 11. To view the mixer’s output power...

Figure 3-23. Example Swept Power Conversion Compression Measurement Making Mixer Measurements

Isolation Example Measurements Isolation is the measure of signal leakage in a mixer. Feedthrough is the forward signal leakage to the IF port. High isolation means that the amount of leakage or feedthrough between the mixer’s ports is very small. Isolation measurements do not use the frequency offs...

A N A L Y Z E P Note A full 2 port calibration will increase the accuracy of isolation measurements. Refer to Chapter 5, Measurement Results.” 6. Make the connections as shown in Figure 3-26. NETWORK ANALYZER L O R F I F LOAD Figure 3-26. Connections for a Mixer Isolation Measurement 7. adjust the d...

I I I Figure 3-27. Example Mixer to RF Isolation Measurement RF Feedthrough The procedure and equipment configuration necessary for this measurement are very similar to those above, with the addition of an external source to drive the mixer’s port as we measure the mixer’s RF feedthrough. RF feedthr...

N E T W O R K A N A L Y Z E R 6. 7. Figure 3-28. Connections for a Response Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Make the connections as shown in Figure NETWORK ANALYZER SOURCE Figure 3-29. Connections for a Mixer Feedthrough Measurement 8. Connect the ex...

Figure 3-30. Example Mixer RF Feedthrough Measurement You can measure the IF to RF isolation in a similar manner, but with the following modifications: n Use the analyzer source as the IF signal drive. n View the leakage signal at the RF port. Making Mixer Measurements

Printing, Plotting, and Saving Measurement Results This chapter contains instructions for the following tasks: Printing or plotting your measurement results a print function •I Defining a print function Printing one measurement per page Printing multiple measurements per page Printing time Configuri...

Where to Look for More Information Additional information about many of the topics discussed in this chapter is located in thefollowing areas: n Chapter 2, “Making Measurements, contains step-by-step procedures for making measurements or using particular functions. Chapter 8, “Menu Maps, shows menu ...

Printing or Plotting Your Measurement Results You can print your measurement results to the following peripherals: printers with HP-IB interfaces n printers with parallel interfaces printers with serial interfaces You can plot your measurement results to the following peripherals: HPGL compatible pr...

HP . . . . . . . q (printers that conform to the printer control language) . . . •I (for use with the HP DeskJet 540 and DeskJet .. . ..... . . . . . . . . ... Note If your DeskJet printer does not support the 100 dpi and 3. Select one of the following printer interfaces: a. Enter the HP-IB address ...

. Choose if your printer has a serial interface, and then configure the print .. . . function as follows: b. select the transmission control method that is compatible with your printer, press (transmit control handshaking protocol) until the correct method appears. q If you choose the handshake meth...

If Are Using a Color Printer 2. If you want to modify the print colors, select the print element and then choose an available color. Note You can set all the print elements to black to create a hardcopy in black andwhite. Since the media color is white or clear, you could set a print element to whit...

Printing Multiple Measurements Per Page 1. Configure and define the print function, as explained in a Print Function” and “Defining a Print Function” located earlier in this chapter. . . i..: i.. . . . ii 4. Make the next measurement that you want to see on your hardcopy. 4-2 shows an example of a h...

a. Enter the HP-IB address of the printer (default is 01), followed by the HP-IB bus. . . . c. Press and if there is an external controller connected to the HP-IB bus. the print function as . . . q Press and then select the parallel port interface function by pressing until the correct function appe...

If You Are Plotting to a Disk Drive Caution Do not mistake the line switch for the disk eject button. See the below. If the line switch is mistakenly pushed, the instrument will be turned off,losing all settings and data that have not been saved. D I S K E J E C T B U T T O N L I N E S W I T C H ’ T...

Defining a Plot Function Note The plot definition is set to default values whenever the power is cycled.However, you can save the plot definition by saving the instrument state. Choosing Display Elements 2. Choose which of the following measurement display elements that you want to appear on your pl...

Note Selecting Pen Numbers and Colors Press and select the plot element where you want to change the pen number. For example, press and then modify the pen number. The pen number selects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .../.... the color if you are plotting to an compatible color printer. Press afte...

Selecting Line Types Press and select each plot element line type that you want to modify. q to modify the line type for the data trace. Then enter the new type (see Figure followed by to the type for the memory trace. Then enter the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . new line type (see followed by...

Choosing Scale 6. q . . . . . . . . . . . i.... . . . . . . . . . includes space for all display annotations such as marker values and stimulus values. Theentire analyzer display fits within the defined boundaries of and on the plotter, while maintaining the exact same aspect ratio as the display. ....

Reset the Plotting Parameters to Default Values 4-5. Plotting Parameter Default Values Marker I 7 Plotting One Measurement Per Page Using a Pen Plotter 1. Configure and define the plot, as explained in “Configuring a Plot Function” and “Defining a Plot Function” located earlier in this chapter. OUTP...

Plotting Multiple Measurements Per Page Using a Pen Plotter 1. Configure and the plot, as explained in “Configuring a Plot Function” and a Plot located earlier in this chapter. 3. Choose the quadrant where you want your displayed measurement to appear on the hardcopy. The following quadrants are ava...

Plotting a Measurement to Disk The plot that you generate from the analyzer, contain the HPGL representation of the measurement display. The will not contain any setup or formfeed commands. 1. the analyzer to plot to disk. Press . Press The analyzer assigns the available default for the displayed di...

Output the Plot Files n You can plot the to a plotter from a personal computer. n You can output your plot files to an HPGL compatible printer, by following the sequence in “Outputting Plot Files from a PC to an HPGL Compatible Printer” located later in this chapter. You can a program that plots all...

Using Freelance view plot files in Freelance, perform the following steps: 1. From the FILE pull-down menu, select IMPORT. 2. Set the type in the dialog box to HGL. Note The network analyzer does not use the *.HGL, so you may want to change the filter to or some other pattern that will allow you to ...

Outputting Plot Files from a PC to an HPGL Compatible Printer To output the plot files to an HPGL compatible printer, you can use the HPGL initializationsequence linked in a series as follows: Step 1. Store the HPGL initialization sequence a named hpglinit. Step 2. Store the exit HPGL mode and form ...

Step 2. Store the exit HPGL mode and form feed sequence. 1. Create a test file by typing in each character as shown in the left hand of 4-7. Do not insert spaces or linefeeds. 2. Name the file exithpgl. 4-7. HPGL File Commands Command Remark I Step 3. Send the HPGL initialization sequence to the pri...

Outputting Multiple Plots to a Single Page Using a Printer Refer to the “Plotting Multiple Measurements Per Page Using a Disk Drive, located earlier inthis chapter, for the naming conventions for plot that you want printed on the same page. You can use the following batch to automate the plot printi...

Plotting Multiple Measurements Per Page From Disk The following procedures show you how to store plot files on a LIF formatted disk. A naming convention is used so you can later run an HP BASIC program on an external controller that will output the to the following peripherals: n a plotter with auto...

Plot Measurements in Page Quadrants 1. the plot, as explained in the Plot Function” located earlier in this chapter. 3. Choose the quadrant where you want your displayed measurement to appear on the . . . . . . . . . . . . . hardcopy. The selected quadrant appears in the brackets under . . . . . . ....

Titling the Displayed Measurement You can create a title that is printed or plotted with your measurement result. 1. . . . . . . . . 3. Turn the front panel knob to move the arrow pointer to the character of the title. 5. Repeat the previous two steps to enter the rest of the characters in your titl...

the Analyzer to Produce a Time Stamp You can set a clock, and then activate it, if you want the time and date to appear on your hardcopies. by ( X 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Press and enter the current day of the month, followed by Press and enter the current hour of the d...

3. Repeat the previous two steps until you have created hardcopies for all the desired pages of listed values. If you are printing the list of measurement data points, each page contains 30 lines of data.The number of pages is determined by the number of measurement points that you haveselected unde...

Solving Problems with Printing or Plotting If you encounter a problem when you are printing or plotting, check the following list forpossible causes: n Look in the analyzer display message area. The analyzer may show a message that will identify the problem. Refer to the “Error Messages” chapter if ...

Saving and Recalling Instrument States Places Where Can Save n analyzer internal memory n floppy disk using the analyzer’s internal disk drive n floppy disk using an external disk drive IBM compatible personal computer using HP-IB mnemonics What You Can Save to the Analyzer’s Internal Memory The num...

What You Can Save to a Computer Instrument states can be saved to and recalled from external computer (system controller) using HP-IB mnemonics. For more information about the specific analyzer settings that can be saved, refer to the output commands located in the “Command Reference” chapter of the...

Saving an Instrument State Press and select one of the storage devices: . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . q connect an external disk drive to the analyzer’s HP-IB connector, and i . . . as follows: (Local) followed by If your storage disk is partitioned, press and enter the volume number w...

Saving Measurement Results Instrument states combined with measurements results can only be saved to disk. Files that . . . . . . . . . contain data-only, and the various save options available under the key, are also only valid for disk saves. The analyzer stores data in arrays along the processing...

R A W D A T A E R R O R D A T A TRACE A V E R A G I N G A R R A Y S A R R A Y S M A T H I I I I ( O P T 0 1 0 ) T R A N S F O R M( O P T S M O O T H I N G A R R A Y S Figure 4-12. Data Processing Flow Diagram Note If the analyzer has an active two-port measurement calibration, allfour S-parameters w...

f. Press and select one of the following: . . . . . . Choose to allow the analyzer to control peripherals directly. peripheral access operations. q . . allows the analyzer to take or pass control. 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Define the save by selecting one of the following choices: , . . . . . . ....

ASCII Data Formats CITIFile (Common Instrumentation Transfer and Interchange is an ASCII data format that is useful when exchanging data between different computers and instruments. are always saved when the ASCII format has been selected as shown below: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

Re-Saving an Instrument State If you re-save a the analyzer overwrites the existing file contents. Note You cannot re-save a that contains data only. You must create a new file. Delete an Instrument State File q Press the keys or the front panel knob to the name of the that you want to delete. __ se...

Renaming a File 2. Choose from the following storage devices: ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . q . . . . . the that you want to rename. . . . . . . 5. Turn the front panel knob to point to each character of the new . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . ....

Formatting a Disk 2. Choose the type of format you want: Solving Problems with Saving or Recalling Files If you encounter a problem when you are storing to disk, or the analyzer internal memory, check the following list for possible causes: Look in the analyzer display message area. The analyzer may...

Optimizing Measurement Results This chapter describes techniques and analyzer functions that help you achieve the bestmeasurement results. The following topics are included in this chapter: n Increasing measurement accuracy Connector repeatability q Interconnecting cables Temperature drift Frequency...

Where to Look for More Information Additional information about many of the topics discussed in this chapter is located in thefollowing areas: Chapter 2, Measurements,” contains step-by-step procedures for making measurements or using particular functions. n Chapter 4, “Printing, Plotting, and Savin...

Frequency Drift Minute changes in frequency accuracy and stability can occur as a result of temperature andaging (on the order of parts per million). If you require greater frequency accuracy, do the following: Override the internal crystal with a high-stability external source, frequency standard, ...

Measurement Error-Correction The accuracy of network analysis is greatly influenced by factors external to the network analyzer. Components of the measurement setup, such as interconnecting cables and adapters, introduce variations in magnitude and phase that can mask the actual response of the devi...

5-2. Purpose and Use of Different Error-Correction Procedures Response Response isolation Full Corresponding Measurement Transmission or reflection measurement when the highest accuracy is not required. Transmission of high insertion loss devices or reflection of high return loss devices. Not as acc...

Calibration Standards The quality of the error-correction is limited by two factors: (1) the difference between themodel of the calibration standards and the actual electrical characteristics of those standards,and (2) the condition of the calibration standards. lb make the highest quality measureme...

Procedures for Error-Correcting Your Measurements This section has example procedures or information on the following topics: n frequency response correction n frequency response and isolation correction n one-port reflection correction n full two-port correction n correction n modifying calibration...

Frequency Response Error-Corrections You can remove the frequency response of the test setup for the following measurements: n reflection measurements transmission measurements n combined reflection and transmission measurements Response Error-Correction for Reflection Measurements 1. Press 2. Selec...

NETWORK ANALYZER TEST POPT CABLES SHORT OPEN SHORT OPEN FOR RESPONSE Figure 5-1. Standard Connections for a Response Error-Correction for Reflection Measurement q To measure the standard when the displayed trace has settled, press: If the calibration kit you selected has a choice between male and fe...

Response Error-Correction for Transmission Measurements 1. Press 2. Select the type of measurement you want to make. q If you want to make a transmission measurement in the forward direction press: q If you want to make a transmission measurement in the reverse direction press: 3. Set any other meas...

Note use an open or short standard for a transmission response correction, Note You can save or store the measurement correction to use for latermeasurements. Refer to the ‘Printing, Plotting, and Saving Measurement Results” chapter for procedures. 7. This completes the response correction for trans...

Note You can save or store the measurement correction to use for later measurements. Refer to the “Printing, Plotting, and Saving MeasurementResults” chapter for procedures. 7. This completes the receiver calibration for transmission measurements. You can connect and measure your device under test. ...

Frequency Response and Isolation Error-Corrections n removes frequency response of the test setup n removes isolation in transmission measurements removes directivity in reflection measurements You can make a response and isolation correction for the following measurements: reflection measurements t...

Response and Isolation Error-Correction for Transmission Measurements This procedure is intended for measurements that have a measurement range of greater than 9 0 1. Press 2. Select the type of measurement you want to make. q If you want to make a transmission measurement in the forward direction p...

NETWORK ANALYZER ES OPEN SHORT OPEN SHORT LOAD FOR FOP Figure 5-6. Standard Connections for a One Port Reflection Error-Correction 8. To measure the standard, when the displayed trace has settled, press: Note If the calibration kit that you selected has a choice between male or female calibration st...

Note You can save or store the error-correction to use for later measurements. Refer to the “Printing, Plotting, and Saving Measurement Results” chapter forprocedures. 14. This completes the one-port correction for reflection measurements. You can connect and measure your device under test. Optimizi...

Full Two-Port Error-Correction n removes directivity errors of the test setup in forward and reverse directions n removes source match errors of the test setup in forward and reverse directions removes load match errors of the test setup in forward and reverse directions n removes isolation errors o...

11. 12. 13. Connect a load to PORT 2, and press: Connect the load to PORT 1, and press: You may repeat any of the steps above. There is no requirement to go in the order ofsteps. When the analyzer detects that you have made all the necessary measurements, the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ....

5-3. Typical Calibration Kit Standard Corresponding Number Default Standard Type Number short (m) 1 2 broadband load 3 4 sliding load 5 load 6 short 7 8 5. Press the underlined For example, if you selected (xl) in the previous step, should be the underlined Note press a that is not underlined unless...

Saving the calibration constants If you made modifications to any of the standard detlnitions, follow the steps in this procedure to assign a kit label, and store them the non-volatile memory. The new set of standard will be available under you save another user kit. Press . Use the front panel knob...

4. To the standard, press: 5. the LINE/MATCH standard, press: . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .../.. . . . . . . . 6. For the purposes of this example, change the name of the standard by pressing . . . . ... ...... and modifying the name to “LINE.” 7. When the title a...

the Classes Note enter the following label titles, an external keyboard may be used for convenience. : . . . . 14. Change the label of the “TRL REFLECT” class to “TRLSHORT.” 15. Change the label of the “TRL LINE OR MATCH” class to “TRLLINE. 16. Change the label of the “TRL THRU” class to . the Calib...

4. the standard, press: 5. To define the LINE/MATCH standard, press: 6. For the purposes of this example, change the name of the standard if a previous title . . . . . . . . . . . . . ../...................... . . . . . . . . . . and then modify the name to “MATCH”. 7. When the title area shows the ...

the Classes Note enter the following label titles, an external keyboard may be used for convenience. . . . 14. Change the label of the “TRL REFLECT” class to “TRMSHORT.” 15. Change the label of the “TRL LINE OR MATCH” class to Optimizing Measurement Results

Entering the Power Sensor Calibration Data Entering the power sensor calibration data compensates for the frequency response of the power sensor, thus ensuring the accuracy of power meter calibration. 1. Make sure that your analyzer and power meter are configured. Refer to the “Compatible Peripheral...

Deleting Frequency Segments Access the “Segment Modify Menu” by pressing . . . . . , that you want to delete). Identify the segment that you want to delete by pressing and using the and keys to locate and position the segment next to the pointer shown on the display. Or press and enter the segment n...

Using Sample-and-Sweep Correction Mode You can use the sample-and-sweep mode to correct the analyzer output power and update the power meter correction data table, during the initial measurement sweep. Because the analyzer measures the actual power at each frequency point during the initial sweep, t...

Note Because power meter calibration requires a longer sweep time, you may want power meter calibration is return the number of points original value and the analyzer will automatically interpolate this calibration. Some accuracy will be lost for the interpolated points. The analyzer will use the da...

Calibrating for Noninsertable Devices A test device having the same sex connector on both the input and output cannot be connected directly into a transmission test configuration. Therefore, the device is considered to be and one of the following calibration methods must be performed: n adapter remo...

The adapter removal technique provides a means to accurately measure noninsertable devices.The following adapters are needed: Adapter Al, which mates with port 1 of the device, must be installed on test set port 1. n Adapter which mates with port 2 of the device, must be installed on test set port 2...

Perform the Z-port Error Corrections 1. Connect adapter to adapter on port 2. (See 5-12.) N E T W O R K REFERENCE PORT REFERENCE Figure 5-12. Cal Set 1 2. Perform the error correction using calibration standards appropriate for the connector type at port 1. Note When using adapter removal calibratio...

4. Connect adapter to adapter Al on port 1. (See 5-13.) N E T W O R K A N A L Y Z E R REFERENCE PORT 2 Figure 5-13. Two-Port Cd Set 2 5. Perform the error correction using calibration standards appropriate for the connector type at port 2. 6. Save the results to disk. Name the 7. Determine the elect...

Note In the following two steps, calibration data is recalled, not instrument states. 10. the disk directory, choose the file associated with the port 1 error correction, then . . . . . . . 11. When this is complete, choose the for the port 2 error correction and press I’... . When complete, press 1...

If unexpected phase variations are observed, indicates that the delay of adapter not specified a quarter wavelength over the frequency of correct this, recall both sets, since data was previously stored to disk, change the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example Program following is an program for...

Adapters With this method, you use two precision matched adapters which are “equal. lb be equal,the adapters must have the same match, insertion loss, and electrical delay. The adapters in most HP calibration kits have matched electrical length, even if the physical lengths appear different. NON-INS...

Modify the Cal Kit With this method it is only necessary to use adapter B. The calibration kit thru definition is modified to compensate for the adapter and then saved as a user kit. However, the electrical delay of the adapter must be found. 1. Perform a l-port calibration on PORT 2. 2. Connect ada...

Making Accurate Measurements of Electrically Long Devices A device with a long electrical delay, such as a long length of cable or a SAW presents some unusual measurement problems to a network analyzer operating in swept frequency mode. Often the measured response is dependent on the analyzer’s swee...

Decreasing the Time Delay The other way to reduce is by decreasing the time delay, AT. Since AT is a property of the device that is being measured, it cannot literally be decreased. However, what can be decreased is the difference in delay times between the paths to the R channel and the B channel. ...

Increasing Sweep Speed You can increase the analyzer sweep speed by avoiding the use of some features that require computational time for implementation and updating, such as bandwidth marker tracking.You can also increase the sweep speed by making adjustments to the measurement settings. The follow...

3. Then switch to stepped mode: n If there is no difference between the measurements in either mode, then use the swept mode. n If the memory trace indicates that there is more attenuation in swept mode, it may be due to IF delay. You can remedy this problem by increasing the sweep time. Note IF ban...

Widen the System Bandwidth 1. 2. Set the IF bandwidth to change the sweep time. The following table shows the relative increase in sweep time as you decrease system bandwidth. 3000 0.128 0.254 1 Preset condition, Span-= includes retrace time. Reduce the Averaging By reducing the averaging factor (nu...

The analyzer sweep time does not change proportionally with the number of points, but as indicated below. 201 0.106 401 0.181 801 0.330 1601 0.633 1 Preset condition, CF- Span= Correction includes retrace Measurement speed can be improved by selecting the widest IF BW setting of Set the Sweep Type D...

Activate Chop Sweep Mode You can use the chop sweep mode to make two measurements at the same time. For example, the analyzer can measure A/R and B/R simultaneously. You can activate the chop mode by pressing or by the following the sequence below. For more information, refer to “Alternate and Chop ...

4. enter the number of sweeps, press: Optimizing Measurement Results 5-55

Increasing Dynamic Range Dynamic range is the difference between the analyzer’s maximum allowable input level and minimum measurable power. For a measurement to be valid, input signals must be within these boundaries. The dynamic range is affected by these factors: test port input power n test port ...

Reducing Trace Noise You can use two analyzer functions to help reduce the effect of noise on the data trace: n activate measurement averaging n reduce system bandwidth Activate Averaging The noise is reduced with each new sweep as the effective averaging factor increments. 2. Enter a value followed...

Reducing Recall Time ‘lb reduce time during recall and frequency changes, the raw offset function and the spur avoidance function can be turned off. turn these functions off, press : , The raw offset function is normally on and controls the sampler and attenuator offsets. The spur avoidance function...

Understanding Spur Avoidance In the 400 MHz to 3 range, where the source signal is created by heterodyning two higher frequency oscillators, unwanted spurious mixing products from the source may be present at the output. These spurs can become apparent in measurements when filters have greater than ...

This chapter provides conceptual information on the following primary operations and applications that are achievable with the HP 8753E network analyzer. n HP 8753E System operation Data processing n Active channel keys n Entry block keys n Stimulus functions Response functions n S-parameters n Disp...

HP 8753E System Operation Network analyzers measure the reflection and transmission characteristics of devices and networks. A network analyzer test system consists of the following: n source n signal-separation devices n receiver n display The analyzer applies a signal that is transmitted through t...

The Built-In Set The HP 8753E features a built-in test set that provides connections to the test device, as well as to the signal-separation devices. The signal separation devices are needed to separate the incident signal from the transmitted and reflected signals. The incident signal is applied to...

Data Processing The analyzer’s receiver converts the R, A, and input signals into useful measurement information. This conversion occurs in two main steps: n The swept high frequency input signals are translated to low frequency IF signals, using analog sampling or mixing techniques. (Refer to the H...

While only a single flow path is shown, two identical paths are available, corresponding to channel 1 and channel 2. When the channels are uncoupled, each channel is processed and controlled independently. Data point definition: A “data point” or “point” is a single piece of data representing a meas...

Pre-Raw Data Arrays These data arrays store the results of the preceding data processing operations. (Up to this point, all processing is performed real-time with the sweep by the IF processor. The remaining operations are not necessarily synchronized with the sweep, and are performed by the main pr...

Active Channel Keys The analyzer has four channels for making measurements. Channels 1 and 2 are the primary channels and channels 3 and 4 are the channels. The primary channels can have different stimulus values (see “Uncoupling Stimulus Values Between Primary Channels,” below) but the auxiliary ch...

Enabling Auxiliary Channels Once a full two-port calibration is active, the auxiliary channels can be enabled. enable channel 3 or 4, press: 1. or 2. Once enabled, an auxiliary channel can be made active by pressing twice (for channel or twice (for channel 4). The active channel is indicated by an a...

Stimulus Functions S T I M U L U S Figure 6-5. Stimulus Function Block The stimulus function block keys are used to the source RF output signal to the test device by providing control of the following parameters: n swept frequency ranges n time domain start and stop times (Option 010 Only) n power s...

Stimulus Menu The (Menu) key provides access to the stimulus menu, which consists of that activate stimulus functions or provide access to additional menus. These are used to and control all stimulus functions other than start, stop, center, and span. The following are located within the stimulus me...

The Power Menu The power menu is used to and control analyzer power. It consists of the following softkeys: . . . . . . . . . . . . . n . . . . . . .../ . . . . . . . . . . . . ../......................./... . provides access to the power range menu. . compensates for power loss versus the frequency...

Note After measurement calibration, you can change the power within a range and still maintain nearly full accuracy. In some cases better accuracy can be achieved by changing the power within a range. It can be useful to set different power levels for calibration and measurement to minimize the effe...

Power Coupling Options There are two methods you can use to couple and uncouple power levels with the HP 87533: n channel coupling n port coupling By uncoupling the primary channel powers, you effectively have two separate sources. Uncoupling the test ports allows you to have different power levels ...

Sweep Time selects sweep time as the active entry and shows whether the automatic or manual mode is active. The following explains the difference between automatic and manual sweep time: n sweep time. As long as the selected sweep speed is within the capability of the instrument, it will remain rega...

n time domain (Option 010 Only) Use to determine the minimum cycle time for the listed measurement parameters. The values listed represent the minimum time required for a CW time measurement with averaging off. 6-1. Minimum Cycle Time (in seconds) Number of Points IF Bandwidth 3700 11 0.0025 0.0041 ...

Trigger Menu The trigger menu is used to select the type and number of groups for the sweep trigger. The following is a description of the located within this menu: freezes the data trace on the display, and the analyzer stops sweeping and taking data. The notation is displayed at the left of the gr...

Source Attenuator Switch Protection The programmable step attenuator of the source can be switched between port 1 and port 2 when the test port power is uncoupled, or between channel 1 and channel 2 when the channel power is uncoupled. avoid premature wear of the attenuator, measurement configuratio...

Channel Stimulus Coupling . . . . . . . toggles the primary channel coupling of stimulus values. With (the preset condition), both primary channels have the same stimulus values. (The inactive primary channel and its auxiliary channel takes on the stimulus of the active primary channel.) In the stim...

Sweep Type Menu The following are located within the sweep type menu. Among them are the five sweep types available. , . . . . . . . . . . menu The following sweep types will function with the interpolated error-correction feature (described later): n linear frequency n power sweep n following sweep...

Logarithmic Frequency Sweep (Hz) . . . . . The activates a logarithmic frequency sweep mode. The source is stepped in logarithmic increments and the data is displayed on a logarithmic graticule. This is slower than a continuous sweep with the same number points, and the entered sweep time may theref...

Swept List Frequency Sweep (Hz) . . . frequency sweep modes. The swept list mode the analyzer to sweep a list of arbitrary frequency points which are defined and modified in a way similar to the stepped list mode. However, this mode takes data while through the frequency points, increasing throughpu...

The power settings for all segments are restricted to a single power range. This prevents the attenuator from switching to different settings mid-sweep. Select the power range and then edit the list table to specify the segment powers. If the power range is selected after the list has been defined, ...

Response Functions Figure 6-7. Response Function Block The following response function block keys are used to and control the following functions of the n measurement parameters n data format n display functions . n reduction alternatives calibration functions n display markers The current values fo...

S-Parameters The key provides access to the S-parameter menu which contains that can be used to select the parameters or inputs that the type of measurement being performed. Understanding S-Parameters S-parameters (scattering parameters) are a convention used to characterize the way a device modifie...

S-parameters are exactly equivalent to the more common description terms below, requiring only that the measurements be taken with test device ports properly terminated. = 0 set Input reflection coefficient Forward Reverse gain Output reflection coefficient Direction FWDFWD REVREV The S-Parameter Me...

Figure 6-9. Reflection Impedance and Admittance Conversions In a transmission measurement, the data can be converted to its equivalent series impedance or admittance using the model and equations shown in 6-10. Note Figure 6-10. Transmission Impedance and Admittance Conversions Avoid the use of Smit...

The Format Menu The key provides access to the format menu. This menu allows you to select the appropriate display format for the measured data. The following list identifies which formats are available by means of which softkeys: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The analyzer automaticall...

6-11. Log Magnitude Format Phase Format . . . . . . . . . . The displays a Cartesian format of the phase portion of the data, measured in degrees This format displays the phase shift versus frequency. Figure 6-12 illustrates the phase response of the same in a phase-only format. Figure 6-12. Phase F...

Figure 6-13. Group Delay Format Smith Chart Format . . . . in reflection measurements to provide a readout of the data in terms of impedance. The intersecting dotted lines on the Smith chart represent constant resistance and constant reactance values, normalized to the characteristic impedance, of t...

Figure 6-14. Standard and Inverse Smith Chart Formats corresponds to a particular value of both magnitude and phase. Quantities are read vectorally: the magnitude at any point is determined by its displacement from the center (which has zero value), and the phase by the angle counterclockwise from t...

Real Format The displays only the real (resistive) portion of the measured data on a Cartesian format (see Figure 6-18). This is similar to the linear magnitude format, but can show both positive and negative values. It is primarily used for analyzing responses in the time domain, and to display an ...

Group Delay Principles For many networks, the amount of insertion phase is not as important as the linearity of the phase shift over a range of frequencies The analyzer can measure this linearity and express it in two different ways: directly, as deviation from linear phase, or as group delay, a der...

result in the group delay data. These errors can be significant for long delay devices. You can verify that is by increasing the number of points or narrowing the frequency span (or both) until the group delay data no longer changes. a - - - i * 1 - - - - - Figure 6-21. Rate of Phase Change Versus F...

Scale Reference Menu The key provides access to the scale reference menu. within this menu can be used to the scale in which measured data is to be displayed, as well as simulate phase offset and electrical delay. The following are located within the scale reference menu. Electrical Delay The adjust...

Display Menu The key provides access to the display menu, which enables auxiliary channels 3 and 4, controls the memory math functions, and leads to other menus associated with display functions. The analyzer has four available memory traces, one per channel. Memory traces are channel dependent: cha...

Dual Channel Mode With set to ON and set to the two traces are overlaid on a single graticule (see Figure . . . n With set to ON and set to or the measurement data is displayed on two half-screen graticules, one above the other, (see Figure Current parameters for the two displays are annotated separ...

Note Auxiliary channels 3 and 4 are permanently coupled by stimulus to primary channels 1 and 2 respectively. Decoupling the primary channels’ stimulus from each other does not affect the stimulus coupling between the auxiliary channels and their primary channels. 6 4 4 Application and Operation Con...

6-2. Customizing the Display Channel Position . . the display . . . . . . . . ... .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ....... .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . n Channels 1 and 2 overlayed in the top graticule, and channels 3 and 4 are overlaid in the bottom graticule. n Channel...

relationship between the keys and the channels. For example, beneath the four-grid display, [CHAN and are shown in yellow. Notice that in the four-grid graphic, Chl is yellow, indicating that the keys in yellow apply to channel 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . opens a screen which lists the an...

Memory Math Two trace math operations are implemented: and trace math is done immediately after error-correction. This means that any data processing done after error-correction, including parameter conversion, time domain transformation (Option scaling, etc, can be performed on the memory trace. Yo...

Setting Default Colors To set all the display elements to the factory-defined default colors, press . . Note does not reset or change colors to the default color values. However, cycling power to the instrument will reset the colors to the default color values. Blanking the Display . . . ...) Pressi...

To change the color of a display elements, press the for that element (such as en press and turn the analyzer front panel knob; use the step keys or the numeric keypad, until the desired color appears.If you change the text or background intensity to the point where the display is unreadable, you ca...

Averaging Menu The key is used to access three different noise reduction techniques: sweep-to-sweep averaging, display smoothing, and variable IF bandwidth. All of these can be used simultaneously. Averaging and smoothing can be set independently for each channel, and the IF bandwidth can be set ind...

Smoothing Smoothing (similar to video averages the formatted active channel data over a portion of the displayed trace. Smoothing computes each displayed data point based on one sweep only, using a moving average of several adjacent data points for the current sweep. The smoothing aperture is a perc...

Figure 6-27. IF Bandwidth Reduction H i n t s Another capability that can be used for effective noise reduction is the marker statistics function, which computes the average value of part or all of the formatted trace.If your instrument is equipped with Option 085 (High Power System), another way of...

Markers The key displays a movable active marker on the screen and provides access to a series of menus to control up to five display markers for each channel. Markers are used to obtain numerical readings of measured values. They also provide capabilities for reducing measurement time by changing s...

If the format is changed while a marker is on, the marker values become invalid. For example, if the value offset is set to 10 with a log magnitude format, and the format is then changed to phase, the value offset becomes 10 degrees. However, in polar and Smith chart formats, the specified values re...

Measurement Calibration Measurement calibration is an accuracy enhancement procedure that effectively removes the system errors that cause uncertainty in measuring a test device. It measures known standard devices, and uses the results of these measurements to characterize the system. This section d...

What Causes Measurement Errors? Network analysis measurement errors can be separated into systematic, random, and drift errors.Correctable systematic errors are the repeatable errors that the system can measure. These are errors due to mismatch and leakage in the test setup, isolation between the re...

directivity is independent of the characteristics of the test device and it usually produces the major ambiguity in measurements of low reflection devices. Source Match Source match is defined as the vector sum of signals appearing at the analyzer receiver input due to the impedance mismatch at the ...

I Figure 6-31. Load Match The error contributed by load match is dependent on the relationship between the actual output impedance of the test device and the effective match of the return port (port 2). It is a factor in all transmission measurements and in reflection measurements of two-port device...

Characterizing Microwave Systematic Errors One-Port Error Model In a measurement of the reflection coefficient (magnitude and phase) of a test device, the measured data differs from the actual, no matter how carefully the measurement is made. Directivity, source match, and reflection signal path fre...

Figure 6-34. Effective Directivity Since the measurement system test port is never exactly the characteristic impedance (50 ohms), some of the reflected signal bounces off the test port, or other impedance transitions further down the line, and back to the unknown, adding to the original incident si...

F r e q u e n c y T r a c k i n g S F Figure 6-36. Reflection Tracking These three errors are mathematically related to the actual data, and measured data, by the following equation: (1 If the value of these three “E” errors and the measured test device response were known for each frequency, the ab...

A c t u a l A f t e r = L o a d D i r e c t i v i t y Figure 6-38. Measured Effective Directivity Next, a short circuit termination whose response is known to a very high degree is used to establish another condition (see 6-39). = Figure 6-39. Short Circuit The open circuit gives the third independe...

= Figure 6-40. Open Circuit This completes the calibration procedure for one port devices. Application and Operation Concepts

M E A S U R E M E N T U n k n o w n L Figure 6-42. Sources of Error The transmission coefficient is measured by taking the ratio of the incident signal (I) and the transmitted signal (see 6-43). Ideally, (I) consists only of power delivered by the source, and consists only of power emerging at the t...

FORWARD I II I 1 I 1 I I RF IN l I I E E I L F S F I I I l I I I I I P O R T 1 P O R T 2 R E V E R S E I I I I l I I I I . l RF IN TR I I 1 I I I . XR I I Figure 6-46. Full Two-Port Error Model 6-47 shows the full two-port error model equations for all four S-parameters of a two-port device. Note th...

= Figure 6-47. Full Two-Port Model Equations In addition the errors removed by accuracy enhancement, other systematic errors exist due to limitations of dynamic accuracy, test set switch repeatability, and test cable stability. These, combined with random errors, also contribute to total system meas...

Calibration Considerations Measurement Parameters Calibration procedures are parameter-specific, rather than channel-specific When a parameter is selected, the instrument checks the available calibration data, and uses the data found for that parameter. For example, if a transmission response calibr...

Electrical Offset Some standards have reference planes that are electrically offset from the mating plane of the test port. These devices will show a phase shift with respect to frequency. 6-4 shows which reference devices exhibit an electrical offset phase shift. The amount of phase shift can be ca...

7 mm or Type-N Male Short (No Offset) Type-N Female, 3.5 mm Male or Female 7 mm or Type-N Male Type-N Female, 3.5 mm Male or Female Open 6-48. Typical Responses of Calibration Standards after Application and Operation Concepts 6-76

How Effective Is Accuracy Enhancement? The uncorrected performance of the analyzer is sufficient for many measurements However, the vector accuracy enhancement procedures described in Chapter 5, Measurement Results, will provide a much higher level of accuracy. Figure 6-49 through Figure 6-51 illust...

Figure 6-50. Response versus S l-Port on Smith Chart 6-51 shows the response of a device in a log magnitude format, using a response calibration in Figure and a full two-port calibration in Figure Figure 6-51. Response versus Full Two-Port Calibration Application and Operation Concepts

Correcting for Measurement Errors The key provides access to the correction menu which leads to a series of menus that implement the error-correction concepts described in this section. Accuracy enhancement (error-correction) is performed as a calibration step before you measure a test device. When ...

The Calibrate Menu There are twelve different error terms for a two-port measurement that can be corrected by accuracy enhancement in the analyzer. These are directivity, source match, load match, isolation, reflection tracking, and transmission tracking, each in both the forward and reverse directi...

Two-Port Calibration within the calibrate menu, provides the ability to make calibrations using the TRL or LRM method. For more information, refer to Calibration,” located later in this section. Application and Operation Concepts

Restarting a Calibration If you interrupt a calibration to go to another menu, such as averaging, you can continue the Cal Kit Menu The kit menu provides access to a series of menus used to specify the characteristics of calibration standards. The following are located within the kit menu: The Selec...

Modifying Calibration Kits Modifying calibration kits is necessary only if unusual standards (such as in are used or the very highest accuracy is required. Unless a calibration kit model is provided with the calibration devices used, a solid understanding of error-correction and the system error mod...

4. Store the modified calibration kit.For a step by step procedure on how to modify calibration kits, refer to “Modifying Calibration Kit Standards” located in Chapter 5, Measurement Results. Modify Calibration Kit Menu . . menu. This leads in turn to additional series of menus associated with modif...

impedance (different from system ZO). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . o h m s . defines the load as a (not sliding) load. . . . . . . . . . . . . . the load as a sliding load. When such a load is measured during ..................... calibration, the analyzer will pr...

6-6. Class Assignments Calibration Kit Disk File Name: The number of standard classes required depends on the type of calibration being performed, and is identical to the number of error terms corrected. A response calibration requires only one class, and the standards for that class may include an ...

Label Class Menu The label class menus are used to meaningful labels for the calibration classes. These then become labels during a measurement calibration. Labels can be up to ten characters long. Label Kit Menu . . . . This within the modify kit menu, provides access to this menu. It is identical ...

Calibration The HP 8753E RF network analyzer has the capability of making calibrations using the “TRL” (thru-reflect-line) method. This section contains information on the following subjects: Why Use TRL Calibration? n TRL Terminology n How Calibration Works n Improving Raw Source Match and Load Mat...

How Calibration Works The calibration used in the HP 8753E relies on the characteristic impedance of simple transmission lines rather than on a set of discrete impedance standards. Since transmission lines are relatively easy to fabricate (in a microstrip, for example), the impedance of these lines ...

In total, ten measurements are made, resulting in ten independent equations. However, the TRL error model has only eight error terms to solve for. The characteristic impedance of the line standard becomes the measurement reference and, therefore, has to be assumed ideal (or known and defined precise...

Source match and load match A TRL calibration a perfectly balanced test set architecture as shown by the term which represents both the forward source match and reverse load match and by the term which represents both the reverse source match and forward load match (E LF ). However, in any switching...

B I A S T E E B I A S T E E 1 0 1 0 A T T E N U A T O R F I X T U R E A T T E N U A T O R Figure 6-54. Typical Measurement Set up If the device measurement requires bias, it will be necessary to add external bias tees between the attenuators and the fixture. The internal bias tees of the analyzer wi...

The Calibration Procedure Requirements for Standards When building a set of TRL standards for a microstrip or fixture environment, the requirements for each of these standard types must be satisfied. Requirements THRU (Zero q No loss. Characteristic impedance need not be known. q 1 = 0 THRU (Non-zer...

For microstrip and other fabricated standards, the velocity factor is significant. In those cases, the phase calculation must be divided by that factor. For example, if the dielectric constant for a substrate is 10, and the corresponding “effective” dielectric constant for microstrip is 6.5, then th...

Another reason for showing this example is to point out the potential problem in calibrating at low frequencies using TRL. For example, one-quarter wavelength is Length (cm) = 7 5 0 0 x V F where: fc = center frequency Thus, at 50 MHz, Length (cm) 7 5 0 0 5 0 ( M H z ) = 150 cm 1.5 m Such a line sta...

. .../ . . . . . . . . . is selected when the desired measurement impedance differs from the impedance of the line standard. This requires a knowledge of the exact value of the of the line. The system reference impedance is set using under the calibration menu. actual impedance of the line is set by...

Power Meter Calibration associated with power meter calibration. An HP-IB-compatible power meter can monitor and correct RF source power to achieve leveled power at the test port. During a power meter calibration, the power meter samples the power at each measurement point across the frequency band ...

Loss of Power Meter Calibration Data The power meter calibration data will be lost by committing any of the following actions: Turning power off. off the instrument the power meter calibration table. sweep type. If the sweep type is changed (linear, log, list, CW, power) while power meter calibratio...

NETWORK ANALYZER POWER SENSOR Figure 6-55. Setup for Continuous Sample Mode Sample-and-Sweep Mode (One Sweep) the analyzer output power and update the power meter calibration data table during the initial measurement sweep. In this mode of operation, the analyzer does not require the power meter for...

NETWORK ANALYZER POWER METER POWER SENSOR 0 C O N N E C T F O R I N I T I A L S W E E P 0 2 C O N N E C T F O R S U B S E Q U E N T S W E E P S Figure 6-56. Setup for Sample-and-Sweep Mode Power Loss Correction List If a directional coupler or power splitter is used to sample the RF power output of ...

The speed and accuracy of a power meter calibration vary depending on the test setup and the measurement parameters. For example, number of points, number of readings, if the power is less than -20 continuous versus sample and sweep mode. Accuracy is improved if you set the source power such that it...

Alternate and Chop Sweep Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . menu to activate either one or the other sweep modes. For information about sweep types, refer to “Sweep Type Menu,” located earlier in this chapter. Alternate unwanted signals, such as crosstalk from sampler ...

Using the Instrument State Functions R - L - - - T - - S - . . S T A T U S Figure 6-58. Instrument State Function Block The instrument state function block keys provide control of channel-independent system functions. The following keys are described in this chapter: n Limit lines and limit testing,...

Most of the HP-IB addresses are set at the factory and need not be modified for normal system operation. The standard factory-set addresses for instruments that may be part of the system are as follows: Instrument BP-IB Address (decimal) Analyzer 16 Plotter 05 Printer 01 External Disk Drive 00 Contr...

Phase values can be specified between and Limit values above + and below are mapped into the range of to + to correspond with the range of phase data values. Offset Limits Menu This menu allows the complete limit set to be offset in either stimulus value or amplitude value. This is useful for changi...

Knowing the Instrument Modes There are five major instrument modes of the analyzer: network analyzer mode n external source mode n tuned receiver mode n frequency offset operation n harmonic mode operation (Option 002) Network Analyzer Mode This is the standard mode of operation for the analyzer, an...

n The frequency of the incoming signal should be within -0.5 to MHz of the selected frequency or the analyzer will not be able to phase lock to it. CW Frequency Range in External Source Mode. 300 to 3 (6 for Option 006) Compatible Sweep Types. The external source mode will only function in CW time s...

Receiver and Source Requirements. Refer to Chapter 7, “Specifications and Measurement Uncertainties. IF Input: R always; and port 1 or port 2 for a ratio measurement. Display Annotations. The analyzer shows the annotation of s when the frequency offset mode is on. The annotation of? indicates that t...

Harmonic Operation (Option 002 only) The harmonic measurement mode allows you to measure the second or third harmonic as the analyzer’s source sweeps fundamental frequencies above 16 MHz. The analyzer can make harmonic measurements in any sweep type. Test Setup NETWORK ANALYZER DEVICE UNDER TEST Fig...

Coupling Power Between Channels 1 and 2 the fundamental on channel 1 and the harmonic on channel 2. to ratios the two, showing the fundamental and the relative power of the measured harmonic in You must . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to to allow alternating sweeps. After uncoupling chan...

Time Domain Operation (Option 010) With Option 010, the analyzer can transform frequency domain data to the time domain or time domain data to the frequency domain.In normal operation, the analyzer measures the characteristics of a test device as a function of frequency. Using a mathematical techniq...

Time domain low pass impulse mode simulates the time domain response of an impulse input (like the mode). Both low pass modes yield better time domain resolution for a given frequency span than does the mode. In addition, when using the low pass modes, you can determine the type of discontinuity. Ho...

NETWORK ANALYZER ADAPTER LOAD I Figure 6-63. A Reflection Measurement of Two Cables The ripples in reflection coefficient versus frequency in the frequency domain measurement are caused by the reflections at each connector “beating” against each other. One at a time, loosen the connectors at each en...

Time domain low pass This mode is used to simulate a traditional time domain reflectometry (TDR) measurement. It provides information to determine the type of discontinuity (resistive, capacitive, or inductive) that is present. Low pass provides the best resolution for a given bandwidth in the frequ...

E L E M E N T S T E P R E S P O N S E I M P U L S E R E S P O N S E O P E N U N I T Y R E F L E C T I O N U N I T Y R E F L E C T I O N S H O R T R E F L E C T I O N , - 1 8 0 ” U N I T Y R E F L E C T I O N , R E S I S T O R R P O S I T I V E L E V E L S H I F T A P O S I T I V E P E A K R E S I S ...

G 1 ' - 4 . 8 3 2 I I I I 5 1: 2 . 9 2 0 7 3 M A R K E R 1 CTAPT 1 0 Figure 6-67. Low Step Measurements of Common Cable Faults (Real Format) Transmission Measurements In Time Domain Low Pass Measuring small signal transient response using low pass step. Use the low pass mode to analyze the test devi...

(a) Comparing Transmission (b) Measuring Pulse Dispersion Paths through a Power Divider on a 1.5 km Fiber Optic Cable THRU LINE FIBER OPTIC CABLE Figure 6-69. Transmission Measurements Using Low Impulse Mode Time Domain Concepts Masking occurs when a discontinuity (fault) closest to the reference pl...

(a) Short Circuit Short Circuit at the End of a 3 Pad Windowing Figure 6-70. Masking Example The analyzer provides a windowing feature that makes time domain measurements more useful for isolating and identifying individual responses Windowing is needed because of the abrupt transitions in a frequen...

select a window, press A menu is presented that allows the selection of three window types (see 6-12). 6-12. Impulse Width, Level, and Windowing Values Window Level Width (50%) Level (10 90%) Minimum Span -21 Span Normal Span -60 Span -75 Span -70 1 Span NOTE: The mode simulates an impulse impulse w...

LOW PASS IMPULSE Figure 6-72. The Effects of Windowing on the Time Domain Responses of a Short Circuit In the time domain, range is defined as the length in time that a measurement can be made without encountering a repetition of the response, called aliasing. A time domain response repeats at regul...

To increase the time domain measurement range, increase the number of points, but remember that as the number of points increases, the sweep speed decreases. Decreasing the frequency span also increases range, but reduces resolution. Resolution Two different resolution terms are used in the time dom...

S T A R T 5 7 0 S T O P 2 . 5 0 5 Figure 6-73. Response Resolution While increasing the frequency span increases the response resolution, keep the following points in mind: The time domain response noise floor is directly related to the frequency domain data noise floor. Because of this, if the freq...

Gating Gating provides the flexibility of selectively removing time domain responses. The remaining time domain responses can then be transformed back to the frequency domain. For reflection (or fault location) measurements, use this feature to remove the effects of unwanted discontinuities in the t...

C H I A / R MAG REF S T O P 7 Figure 6-76. Gate Shape Selecting gate shape. The four gate shapes available are listed in 6-13. Each gate has a different flatness, cutoff rate, and levels. 6-13. Gate Characteristics Gate Gate Span Minimum Wide Maximum Ripple l 0.01 Levels -68 -57 -70 Span Span Span S...

Figure 6-78. Combined Effects of Amplitude and Phase Modulation Using the demodulation capabilities of the analyzer, it is possible to view the amplitude or the phase component of the modulation separately. The window menu includes the following to control the demodulation feature: ii . . . . . . . ...

Forward transform range. In the forward transform (from CW time to the frequency domain), range is as the frequency span that can be displayed before occurs, and is to range as defined for time domain measurements. In the range formula, substitute time span for frequency span.Example: R a n g e = Nu...

Commands That Require a Clean Sweep Many front panel commands disrupt the sweep in progress. For example, changing the channel or measurement type. When the analyzer does execute a disruptive command in a sequence, some instrument functions are inhibited until a complete sweep is taken. This applies...

The Sequencing Menu Pressing the key accesses the Sequencing menu. This menu leads to a series of menus that you to create and control sequences, Sequence Command The located in the Sequencing menu, activates a feature that allows :: the sequence to branch off to another sequence, then return to the...

Loop counter decision making The analyzer has a numeric register called a loop counter. The value of this register can be set by a sequence, and it can be incremented or decremented each time a sequence repeats itself. . to another sequence if the stated condition is true. When entered into the sequ...

menu) sends the HP-GL command string to the analyzer’s HP-GL address. The address of the analyzer’s HP-GL graphics interface is always offset from the instrument’s HP-IB address by 1: n If the current instrument address is an even number: HP-GL address = instrument address + 1. n If the current inst...

Amplifier Amplifier parameters The HP 8753E allows you to measure the transmission and reflection characteristics of many amplifiers and active devices. You can measure scalar parameters such as gain, gain flatness, gain compression, reverse isolation, return loss (SWR), and gain drift versus time. ...

The second/third harmonic response can be displayed directly in or below the fundamental or carrier (see 6-84). The ability to display harmonic level versus frequency or RF power allows “real-time” tuning of harmonic distortion. this swept harmonic measurement, as well as of the traditional linear a...

Figure 6-85. Diagram of Gain Compression Figure 6-86 illustrates a simultaneous measurement of fundamental gain compression and second harmonic power as a function of input power. REF 10 G A I N I I I I I I 1 S T A R T - 5 . 0 c w 2 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 STOP 1 0 . 0 N A G R E F - 3 0 I I I I I I I STAR...

Metering the power level When you are measuring a device that is very sensitive to absolute power level, it is important that you accurately set the power level at either the device input or output. The analyzer is capable of using an external HP-IB power meter and controlling source power directly....

Mixer Testing Mixers or frequency converters, by definition, exhibit the characteristic of having different input and output frequencies. Mixer tests can be performed using the frequency offset operation of the analyzer (with an external LO source) or using the tuned receiver operation of the analyz...

Mixer Parameters You Can Measure Figure 6-88. Mixer Transmission characteristics include conversion loss, conversion compression, group delay, and RF feedthru. n Reflection characteristics include return loss, and complex impedance. n Characteristics of the signal at the output port include the outp...

Attenuation at Mixer Ports Mismatch between the instruments, cables, and mixer introduces errors in the measurement that you cannot remove with a frequency response calibration. You can reduce the mismatch by using high quality attenuators as close to the mixer under test as possible. When character...

Harmonics, linearity, and spurious signals also introduce errors that are not removed by frequency response calibration. These errors are smaller with a narrowband detection scheme, but they may still interfere with your measurements. You should the IF signal to reduce these errors as much as possib...

Selection By choosing test frequencies (frequency list mode), you can reduce the effect of spurious responses on measurements by avoiding frequencies that produce IF signal path distortion. LO Frequency Accuracy and Stability The analyzer source is phaselocked to its receiver through a reference loo...

It is important to keep in mind that in the setup diagrams of the frequency offset mode, the analyzer’s source and receiver ports are labeled according to the mixer port that they are connected to. n In a down converter measurement where the is selected, the notation on the analyzer’s setup diagram ...

n on the setup diagram indicates that the analyzer’s source frequency is labeled IF, connecting to the mixer IF port, and the analyzer’s receiver frequency is labeled RF, connecting to the mixer RF port.Because the RF frequency can be greater or less the set LO frequency in this type of . . . . meas...

Conversion Loss F= RF F= FREQUENCY Figure 6-95. Example Spectrum of RF, LO, and IF Signals Present in a Conversion Loss Measurement Conversion loss is a measure of how a mixer converts energy from one frequency to another. It is the ratio of the sideband output power to input signal power and is usu...

RF RF feedthru, or RF-to-IF isolation, is the amount the RF power that is attenuated when it reaches the IF port. This value is low in double balanced mixers. RF feedthru is usually less of a problem than the LO isolation terms because the LO power level is significantly higher than the RF power dri...

Conversion Compression S i g n a l ( R F ) I n p u t S i g n a l ( R F ) Figure 6-97. Conversion Loss and Output Power as a Function of Input Power Level Conversion compression is a measure of the RF input signal level for which the mixer will provide linear operation. The conversion loss is the rat...

Amplitude and Phase Tracking The match between mixers is defined as the absolute difference in amplitude and/or phase response over a specified frequency range. The tracking between mixers is essentially how well the devices are matched over a specified interval. This interval may be a frequency int...

Connection Considerations Adapters minimize the error introduced when you add an adapter to a measurement system, the adapter needs to have low SWR or mismatch, low loss, and high repeatability. Worst Case System 14 Leakage signals Reflected signal * Coupler has Directivity . Adapter __ . . . . . . ...

Fixtures Fixtures are needed to interface non-coaxial devices to coaxial test instruments. It may also be necessary to transform the characteristic impedance from standard 50 ohm instruments to a non-standard impedance and to apply bias if an active device is being measured.For accurate measurements...

Reference Documents Hewlett-Packard Company, “Simplify Your Amplifier and Mixer Testing” 5056-4363 Hewlett-Packard Company, “RF and Microwave Device Test for the Seminar Papers” Hewlett-Packard Company Amplifiers and Active Devices with the HP 8720 Network Analyzer” Product Note 5091-1942E Hewlett-P...

On-Wafer Measurements Hewlett-Packard Company, “On-Wafer Measurements Using the HP 8510 Network Analyzer andCascade Microtech Wafer Probes,” Product Note 8510-6 HP publication number Barr, J.T., T. Burcham, A.C. Davidson, E. W. Strid, “Advancements in On-Wafer Probing Calibration Techniques, Hewlett...

Dynamic Range The described in the table below apply to transmission measurements using 10 Hz IF BW and full correction. Dynamic range is limited by the maximum test port and the receiver’s noise floor. 7-1. H P 8753E Dynamic Speoifisations and Measurement

HP 8753E Measurement Port Specifications HP 8763E with Ports The following specifications describe the system performance of the HP 8753E network analyzer. The system hardware includes the following: options: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

HP with Type-N Ports The following specifications describe the system performance of the HP 8753E network analyzer. The system hardware includes the following: options: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

HP 8763E W with Ports following specifications describe the system performance of the HP 8753E network analyzer. The system hardware includes the following: Options: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...

7-12. HP 8753E Instrument (3 of 6) Characteristics Magnitude and and Measurement Uncertainties

7-12. HP 8753E Instrument (4 of 6) 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 - 8 0 - 9 0 0 -100 Specifications and Measurement Uncertainties 7-13

7-12. 8753E Instrument (6 of 6) 100 Group Delay Accuracy vs. Aperture Specifications and Measurement Uncertainties

HP Network Analyzer General Characteristics Measurement Throughput Summary The following table shows typical measurement times for the HP 8753E network analyzer inmilliseconds. T 1 Specifications and Measurement Uncertainties

Remote Programming Interface HP-IB interface operates according to IEEE 488-1978 and IEC 625 standards and IEEE 728-1982 recommended practices Transfer Formats Binary (internal floating point complex format) ASCII bit IEEE 754 Floating Point Format Interface Function Codes Ml, TEO, LEO, PPO, Cl, Fro...

Environmental Characteristics General Conditions EMC characteristics: emissions, CISPR Publication 11; immunity, IEC level 2. Electrostatic discharge (ESD): must be eliminated by use of static-safe work procedures and an anti-static bench mat (such as HP Dust: the environment should be as dust-free ...

Weight Net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 (46 lb) shipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 kg (76 lb) Cabinet Dimension...

This chapter contains information on the following topics: and front-panel functions in alphabetical order (includes a brief description of each function) cross reference of programming commands to key functions n cross reference of to front-panel access keys Note . . can be found in the HP 8753E Ne...

calculates and displays the complex ratio of the signal at input A to the reference signal at input R. puts the name of the active entry in the display title. puts the active marker magnitude in the display title. selects coaxial as the type of port used in adapter removalcalibration. selects wavegu...

brings up the segment modify menu and segment edit(calibration factor menu) which allows you to enter a power sensor’s calibration factors The calibration factor data entered in this menu will be stored for power sensor B. leads to the select cal kit menu, which is used to select one of the default ...

(Option 010 only) selects an intermediate time domain gate. copies the sequence titles currently in memory into the six positions. calls sub-routines in sequencing. specifies whether or not to store display graphics on disk with the instrument state. brings up the graticule print color menu. The gra...

is the mode used when peripheral devices are to be used and there is no external controller. In this mode, the analyzer can directly control peripherals (plotter, printer, disk drive, or power meter). System controller mode must be set in order for the analyzer to access peripherals from the front p...

Cross Reference of Key Function to Programming Command The following table lists the front-panel keys and alphabetically. The “Command” column identifies the command that is similar to the front-panel or function. that do not have corresponding programming commands are not included in this section. ...

9-1. Cross Reference of Key Function to Programming command (continued) Name Decrement Loop Counter DECRLOOC Default Colors DEFC Default Plot Setup Default Print Setup DEFLPRINT Standard Delay Delete Delete All Files Delta Limits Demodulation Amplitude Demodulation Off Demodulation Phase Directory S...

9-1. Cross Reference of Key Function to Programming Command (continued) Name Offset Delay Offset Loads Done Offset Loss Offset Impedance Omit Isolation One-Path X-Port Calibrate One Sweep Listing of Operating Parameters Power Meter HPIB to Title Parallel in Bit Number Parallel in IF Bit H Parallel i...

Cross Reference of Key Function to Programming Co (continued) Plot name Plot Plot Speed Fast Plot Speed Slow Plot Text On Plot Text off Plotter Baud Rate Plotter Form Feed Plotter Port Disk Plotter Port HPIB Plotter Port Parallel Plotter Port Serial Plot to a Plotter Plot to a Compatible Printer Pol...

9-1. Cross Reference of Key Function to Programming (continued) . . . . . .. . ... Sloping Line LIMTSL Smith Chart Smoothing Aperture SMOOAPER Smoothing On SMOOON Smoothing Off SMOOOFF Source Power On Source Power Off Specify Gate SPEG One-Graticule Display Two-Graticule Display Four-Graticule Displ...

Locations The following table lists the functions alphabetically, and the corresponding front-panel access key. This table is useful in determining which front-panel key leads to a specific Key Definitions

9-2. Locations (continued) Access Key Key Definitions

9-2. Locations (continued) Front-Panel A c c e s s K e y Definitions

1 0 Error Messages This chapter contains the following information to help you interpret any error messages thatmay be displayed on the analyzer LCD or transmitted by the instrument over HP-IB: n An alphabetical listing of error messages, including: q An explanation of the message q Suggestions to h...

Error Messages in Alphabetical Order CAL REQUIRED FOR AUX CHANNEL USE 217 calibration being active. Perform (or recall) a full calibration and . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . auxiliary channel. ABORTING COPY OUTPUT Information This message is displayed briefly if you have pressed to abort a copy Me...

ANALOG BUS DISABLED IN IF BW Error Number When you the not 212 available for use in troubleshooting. For a description of the analog bus, refer to the HP Guide. ANOTHER SYSTEM CONTROLLER ON HP-IB BUS Error Number You must remove the active controller from the bus or the controller must 3 7 relinquis...

BLOCK Error Number The length of the header received by the analyzer did not agree with the size 35 of the internal array block. Refer to the HP 8753E Network and Command for instructions on using analyzer input commands. CALIBRATION ABORTED Error Number You have changed the active during a calibrat...

CORRECTION AND DOMAIN RESET Error Number When you change the frequency range, sweep type, or number of points, 65 error-correction is switched off and the time domain transform is recalculated, without error-correction. You can either correct the frequency range, sweep type, or number of points to m...

Information When list IF bandwidth has been enabled and swept list mode Message not be able to change the IF bandwidth using the key. To change the bandwidth, edit the swept list table. Error Number The disk unit or volume number set in the analyzer is not Refer to the 46 disk drive operating manual...

Error Number See error number 57. 5 9 Error Number You have exceeded approximately + 14 at one of the test ports. The RF 57 output power is automatically reduced to -85 The annotation appears in the left margin of the display to indicate that the power trip function has been activated. When this occ...

Error Messages in Numerical Order Refer to the alphabetical listing for explanations and suggestions for solving the problems. Some error numbers have been omitted due to obsoleted error messages. 2 5 PRINT ABORTED 2 6 not on, not connect, wrong addrs 1 Error Messages

1 1 Compatible Peripherals This chapter contains the following information: n Measurement accessories available n System accessories available n Connecting and peripherals HP-IB programming overview Where to Look for More Information Additional information about many of the topics discussed in this ...

Transistor Test Fixtures The following Hewlett-Packard transistor test are compatible with the HP 8753E. Additional test fixtures for transistors and other devices are from Inter-Continental Microwave. order their catalog, request HP literature number 5091-4254E. contactInter-Continental Microwave a...

System Accessories Available System Cabinet The HP system cabinet is designed to rack mount the analyzer in a system configuration. The 132 cm (52 in) system cabinet includes a bookcase, a drawer, and aconvenient work surface. System The HP system testmobile is designed to provide mobility for instr...

Controller An external controller is not required for measurement calibration or time domain capability.However, some performance test procedures are semi-automated and require the use of an external controller. (The system verification procedure does not require an external controller.) The system ...

Connecting Peripherals Connecting the Peripheral Device Connect the peripheral to the corresponding interface port. Figure Peripheral Connections to the Analyzer Note The keyboard can be connected to the analyzer while the power is on or off.

the Analyzer for the Peripheral All copy configuration settings are stored in non-volatile memory. Therefore, they are notaffected if you press or switch off the analyzer power. If the Peripheral is a Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . appears: q (except for HP DeskJet 540 and DeskJet (printers t...

2. Configure the analyzer for one of the following plotter interfaces: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . plot function as follows: a. Enter the HP-IB address of the printer (default is followed by . . . the HP-IB bus. . c. Press and if there is an external controller conn...

Configuring the Analyzer to Produce a Time Stamp You can set a clock, and then activate it, if you want the time and date to appear on hardcopies. . . . year, by and enter the current month of the year, followed (xl). . . . Press and enter the current day of the month, followed by (xl. Press and ent...

HP-IB Programming Overview The analyzer is factory-equipped with a remote programming digital interface using the Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus (HP-IB). HP-IB is Hewlett-Packard’s hardware, software, documentation, and support for IEEE 488.1 and worldwide standards for interfacing instruments. The H...

A b l e t o t a l k DEVICE D A b l e t o t a l k o n l y I D A T A ( 8 s i g n a l l i n e s ) , H A N D S H A K E L I N E S Figure 11-2. HP-IB Bus Structure Data Bus The data bus consists of 8 bidirectional lines that are used to transfer data from one device to another. Programming commands and da...

There is also an address for the system controller. This address refers to the controller when the network analyzer is being used in pass-control mode. This is the address that control is passed back to when the analyzer-controlled operation is complete. Analyzer Command Syntax The analyzer HP-IB co...

1 2 Preset State and Memory Allocation The analyzer is capable of saving complete instrument states for later retrieval. It can store these instrument states into the internal memory, to the internal disk, or to an external disk. This chapter describes these capabilities in the following sections: n...

This is CMOS read/write memory that is protected by a battery to provide storage of data when line power to the instrument is turned off. With this battery protection, data can be retained in memory for days at C and for years at C (characteristically). Non-volatile memory consists of a block of use...

12-1 shows the memory requirements of calibration arrays and memory trace arrays to help you approximate memory requirements. For example, add the following memory requirements: n a full calibration with 801 points (58 k) n the memory trace array (4.9 k) n the instrument state (approximately 6 k) Th...

You can use the internal disk drive or connect an external disk drive for storage of instrument states, calibration data, measurement data, and plot (Refer to Chapter 4, “Printing, Plotting, and Saving Measurement Results”, for more information on saving measurement data and plot The analyzer displa...

I, P, Instrument Four-channel instrument state G Graphics 1 Display graphics 0 index D Error corrected data 1 Channel 1 2 Channel 2a Channel 3 4 Channel 4 Raw data 1 to 4 Channel 113, raw arrays 1 5 to 8 Channel raw arrays 6 to 8 Formatted data 1 Channel 1 2 Channel 28 Channel 3 4 Channel 4 CalCal d...

Preset State When the key is pressed, the analyzer reverts to a known state called the factory preset state. This state is defined in 12-3. There are subtle differences between the preset state and the power-up state. These differences are documented in 12-4. If power to non-volatile memory is lost,...

12-3. Preset Conditions (3 of 5) Preset Conditions Copy Parallel Port Plotter Type Plotter Port Plotter Baud Rate Plotter Handshake HP-IB Address Printer Type Printer Port Printer Baud Rate Printer Handshake Printer HP-IB Address Disk Save Store) Data Array Data Array Data Array Size Using Select Di...

12-5. Results of Power Loss to Non-Volatile Memory HP-IB ADDRESSES are set to the following defaults: HP 8753E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 USER DISPLAY . . . . . . . ...

The CITIfile Data Format and Keyword Reference This appendix contains the following information: n The Data Format q Description and Overview q Definition Of Terms q CITIfile Examples n The Keyword Reference. The Data Format CITIfile is a standardized data format, used for exchanging data between di...

Keyword Keywords are always the word on a new line. They are always one continuous word without embedded spaces.A listing of the keywords used in the latest version of is shown in “The Keyword Reference. When reading a unrecognized keywords should be ignored. This allows new keywords to be added, wi...

Example Frequency List Cal Set Example 4 shows how may be used to store instrument setup information. In the case of an 8510 Set, a limited instrument state is needed in order to return the instrument to the same state that it was in when the calibration was done. Three arrays of error correction da...

Determining System Measurement Uncertainties In any measurement, certain measurement errors associated with the system add uncertainty to the measured results This uncertainty how accurately a device under test can be measured.Network analysis measurement errors can be separated two types: raw and r...

Two additional categories of measurement errors are connection techniques and contact surfaces. The connection techniques category includes torque limits, flush setting of sliding load center conductors, and handling procedures for airlines. The contact surfaces category includes procedures, scratch...

where Efnt = effective noise on trace Efnf = effective noise floor n Crtl = connector repeatability (transmission) n = connector repeatability (reflection) n Ctml = cable 1 transmission magnitude stability n = cable 1 reflection magnitude stability = cable 2 reflection magnitude stability n Dmsl = d...

Transmission Magnitude Uncertainty An analysis of the error model, located at the end of this appendix, yields an equation for the transmission magnitude uncertainty. The equation contains of the order terms and some of the significant second order terms. The terms under the radical are random in ch...

Determining Expected System Performance Use the uncertainty equations, dynamic accuracy calculations in this appendix, and tables of system performance values from the “Specifications and Measurement Uncertainties” chapter in the to calculate the expected system performance. The following pages expl...

Measurement Uncertainty Worksheet (1 of 3) Error Symbol Linear Directivity Reflection Tracking Err Source Match Match Tracking Effective Dynamic Accuracy Noise Floor High Level Noise Connector Reflection Repeatability Port 1 Connector Transmission Repeatability Port 1 Magnitude Drift Due ‘lkmperatur...