Page 2 - Notice; Copyright © 2000 by HEWLETT-PACKARD COMPANY.; Printing History
ii Notice Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L Notice The information in this document is subject to change without notice. HEWLETT-PACKARD MAKES NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND WITH REGARD TO THIS MATERIAL, INCLUD-ING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF ...
Page 3 - Preface; Font Conventions; italic; Syntax Conventions
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Preface iii Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L Preface This document is the Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual. The goal of this document is to provide a description of thefeatures, commands, and simulation environment provided by the Ski IA-64 simulator...
Page 5 - Table of Contents
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Table of Contents v Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0 Table of Contents 1 Getting Started: A Ski Tutorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 1.1 The Ski Simulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
Page 6 - Summary of The
vi Table of Contents Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0 4.1 Command Entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14.2 Command Arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
Page 7 - The
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Table of Contents vii Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0 8.7.1 Summary of Symbol Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8 9 Command Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
Page 9 - List of Figures
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. List of Figures ix Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L List of Figures Figure 1-1. Starting xski From the Command Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 Figure 1-2. The Four Primary xski Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
Page 10 - The Original Program Loaded in; The Program After Assigning a String in; ski; Output from; xski
x List of Figures Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L Figure 8-1. The Original Program Loaded in ski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2 Figure 8-2. The Program After Assigning a String in ski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
Page 11 - List of Tables
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. List of Tables xi Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L List of Tables Table 4-1. Ski Simulator Arithmetic and Logic Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3 Table 7-1. Linux System Calls Supported by Ski . . . . . . . . . . ....
Page 13 - Getting Started: A Ski Tutorial; The Ski Simulator; How to Run an IA-64 Application Program; Starting
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Getting Started: A Ski Tutorial 1-1 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 1 Getting Started: A Ski Tutorial In this chapter, you learn how to use Ski by executing a brief tutorial. At the end of the tutorial, you will learn where tolook in this manual for det...
Page 14 - xski From the Command Line
1-2 Getting Started: A Ski Tutorial Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L Figure 1-1. Starting xski From the Command Line
Page 15 - Exiting Ski; You can quit; and this tutorial with the; Loading Your Program; ”, and the source code file is named “; pane of the Register Window to see these registers.); xski Windows
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Getting Started: A Ski Tutorial 1-3 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 1.2.2 Exiting Ski You can quit xski and this tutorial with the Quit button, with the File->Quit menu selection, or with the “ quit ” com- mand. All are in the Main Window. (Don’t qui...
Page 16 - ” Program
1-4 Getting Started: A Ski Tutorial Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L Figure 1-3. Loading the “ hello ” Program Figure 1-4. The xski Program Window
Page 17 - Inspecting Data; To look at the; xski Data Window
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Getting Started: A Ski Tutorial 1-5 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 1.2.4 Inspecting Data To look at the argv and envp strings, you need to use the Data Window. Linux passes argc , argv , and envp on the mem- ory stack ( r12 ). To look at this memory ar...
Page 18 - Figure 1-7. Changing the Data Window Display
1-6 Getting Started: A Ski Tutorial Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L type “ dj r12 ” or “ dj 9ffffffffff780 ”, as shown in Figure 1-7 and the Data Window changes to display the hexadec- imal data stored at the location, as shown in Figure 1-8. Find the v...
Page 19 - character strings of; and; ’s Command; ” command in the Command History. Hit the enter/return key to; argv
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Getting Started: A Ski Tutorial 1-7 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L character strings of argv and envp . (In a moment, you’ll learn how to see data in ASCII translation.) Typing hexadecimal numbers is error-prone, and Ski provides several shortcuts to a...
Page 20 - Viewing Data in ASCII
1-8 Getting Started: A Ski Tutorial Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L Another shortcut is the * pointer-dereference operator for indirect addressing. Type “ dj 0 ” to jump the Data Window to location 0. Then type “ dj *(r12+18) ”. Ski will take the conten...
Page 21 - Viewing Source Code Mixed In with Assembly Code
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Getting Started: A Ski Tutorial 1-9 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 1.2.7 Viewing Source Code Mixed In with Assembly Code The Program Window shows the C source code intermixed with the IA-64 assembly code. You can turn the source code Figure 1-12. Jumpi...
Page 22 - Controlling Breakpoints
1-10 Getting Started: A Ski Tutorial Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L display off or on using the pa (“ p rogram a ssembly”) and pm (“ p rogram m ixed”) commands, respectively. Mixed code dis- play only works if you have the source code to the program av...
Page 23 - Running a Program
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Getting Started: A Ski Tutorial 1-11 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 1.2.9 Running a Program To run your program, type the “ run ” command or click the Run button in the Main Window. Ski will start the simulation and connect the program’s standard I/O p...
Page 24 - Single-stepping a Program; mand or; Figure 1-16. The Terminal Window After the “; ” Program is Run
1-12 Getting Started: A Ski Tutorial Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 1.2.10 Single-stepping a Program To try single-stepping (and no, this is not a kind of ethnic dance), set a breakpoint at main+10 . Then use the “ run ” com- mand or Run button to simu...
Page 25 - Changing Registers and Memory
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Getting Started: A Ski Tutorial 1-13 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L the Main Window. Ski tells you why it stopped and gives you statistics about program execution up to this point, as youcan see in Figure 1-18. The Program Window marks the next instruc...
Page 26 - By changing the value of the; mand “; xski Register Window After Stopping at a Breakpoint at
1-14 Getting Started: A Ski Tutorial Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L By changing the value of the ip register, you can change where in the program Ski will resume simulation. Enter the com- mand “ = ip main+20 ” in the Main Window and observe the first ...
Page 27 - tring”) to modify the data; xski Register Window After Changing the
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Getting Started: A Ski Tutorial 1-15 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L Changing registers isn’t enough to debug most programs, however. Often, you need to change values in memory as well.Ski provides several commands for this, differing in whether they mo...
Page 28 - xski Data Window Widened to Show ASCII
1-16 Getting Started: A Ski Tutorial Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L Next, issue the command “ =s _IO_stdin_used+8 Ski!Ski!Ski! ” in the Main Window. (You may need to left-click in the Main Window to make it active.) Observe how the Data Window changes:...
Page 29 - Getting Help; Next Steps
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Getting Started: A Ski Tutorial 1-17 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 1.2.12 Getting Help To see what commands are available, type “ help ” in the Main Window or use the Help->Commands menu selection. To see the syntax of a specific command, type “ he...
Page 31 - Overview; Introduction; Ski’s Strengths; • IA-64 operating system and firmware development:; Ski’s Scope; What You Need to Know to Use This Manual; are used without explanation.; Defects and Defect Reporting
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Overview 2-1 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 2 Overview 2.1 Introduction The Ski simulator is a software package designed to functionally simulate the IA-64 processor architecture at the instruc-tion level. Ski offers an informative, screen-oriented mac...
Page 32 - Ski Variations; Using
2-2 Overview Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 2.4 Ski Variations The simulator is available in three varieties, distinguished by their user interfaces: ski , xski , and bski . The underlying simulation engine is identical across all three varieties. The ...
Page 33 - xski Interface
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Overview 2-3 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L Figure 2-2. The X Window System, Motif-based xski Interface
Page 34 - Starting Ski; Command Line Flags
2-4 Overview Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 2.5 Starting Ski To start the Ski simulator, type its name ( ski , xski , or bski ) and any necessary command line options and file redirec- tions, just as you would start any other Linux program. (Command li...
Page 35 - filename; File
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Overview 2-5 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L standard Linux fashion. The Ski command line syntax is shown below. The -i , -rest , -icnt , and -stats flags can appear in any order. ski [ -help ] [ -i filename] [ -rest filename] [program_filename [args]+]...
Page 36 - Quitting Ski; the shell as Ski’s exit status. This can be particularly useful with; bski; and command files (see Chapter 9, “Command; Summary of the Quit Command
2-6 Overview Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 2.6 Quitting Ski The quit command causes the simulator to exit. If a numeric operand or expression is supplied, the value is returned to the shell as Ski’s exit status. This can be particularly useful with bs...
Page 37 - Screen Presentation; Ski’s Use of Windows; The Register Window
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Screen Presentation 3-1 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 3 Screen Presentation 3.1 Ski’s Use of Windows xski and ski generally divide the screen into four windows. ( bski doesn’t create any windows because it has no user interface, only a command line in...
Page 38 - The User Registers Pane
3-2 Screen Presentation Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L ski shows only a portion of a register set at a time and you use the commands described in Section 5.1, “Register Window Commands” to select which portion of which set to see. The sets are describe...
Page 39 - The General Registers Pane; The Floating Point Registers Pane; xski User Registers Pane
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Screen Presentation 3-3 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 3.2.2 The General Registers Pane The general registers pane shows the current values of the 64-bit general (integer) data registers, four to a line, in hexadec-imal. Registers whose corresponding N...
Page 40 - The System Registers Pane; The system registers pane shows the Processor Status Register (; tection Key Registers (; register shown on the second text line in; The IA-32 Registers Pane; xski Floating Point Registers Pane
3-4 Screen Presentation Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 3.2.4 The System Registers Pane The system registers pane shows the Processor Status Register ( psr ), Control Registers, Region Registers ( rr0 - rr7 ), Pro- tection Key Registers ( pkr0 - pkr15 )...
Page 41 - Resizing Register Window Panes with
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Screen Presentation 3-5 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 3.3 Resizing Register Window Panes with xski As mentioned above, even a large X Window System screen is too small to display all the registers simultaneously, so youmay have to scroll a pane to see...
Page 42 - The Program Window; IA-64 Instruction Display
3-6 Screen Presentation Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 3.5 The Program Window The Program Window provides a view into the program space. Whether you load a program into the simulated processor’saddress space via the command line or using Ski’s load , i...
Page 43 - ”) after the last operand of the last instruction in the group.; ”) indicates that the; xski’s Program Window Showing Part of an IA-64 “hello world” Program
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Screen Presentation 3-7 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L instruction in the bundle. The end of each instruction group (a unit of potentially parallel execution) is marked with a pairof semicolons (“ ;; ”) after the last operand of the last instruction in...
Page 44 - IA-32 Instruction Display; xski’s Program Window Showing IA-64 Predication and Breakpoints
3-8 Screen Presentation Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 3.5.2 IA-32 Instruction Display IA-32 instructions are displayed as shown in Figure 3-11, according to the conventions for Intel assembly code. As withIA-64 instruction display, Ski uses the first ...
Page 45 - Changing the Range of Locations Shown in the Program Window
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Screen Presentation 3-9 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 3.5.3 Changing the Range of Locations Shown in the Program Window xski doesn’t place a scroll bar in the Program Window. Instead, like ski , xski provides the pf and pb commands, described in Secti...
Page 46 - The Data Window
3-10 Screen Presentation Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 3.6 The Data Window In the Data Window, xski and ski present data in hexadecimal format, sixteen bytes to a line, as shown in Figure 3-14. The data are displayed as four groups of eight hexadecima...
Page 47 - Changing the Range of Locations Shown in the Data Window
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Screen Presentation 3-11 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L which may change by the time the simulated IA-64 processor actually loads the bytes.) The address is expressed as a sym-bol from the executable file’s symbol table or as a sixteen digit hexadecima...
Page 48 - Invalid Code and the Data Window; The Command/Main Window; command” which causes information about
3-12 Screen Presentation Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 3.6.2 Invalid Code and the Data Window If you tell Ski to display non-existent memory, Ski will display x ’s instead, as shown in Figure 3-14. Non-existent mem- ory is defined for the Data Window ...
Page 49 - you enter commands when you see a; displays; will repeat the last command you entered.
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Screen Presentation 3-13 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 3.7.2 The ski Command Window ski ’s Command Window is simpler, as shown in Figure 3-17. There are no menus, buttons, or Command History. Instead, you enter commands when you see a * prompt in the ...
Page 50 - Other Windows
3-14 Screen Presentation Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 3.8 Other Windows Some commands, such as help , isyms , and symlist , cause xski and ski to create additional windows. When xski cre- ates an additional window, it adds scroll bars if there is mor...
Page 51 - xski’s Symbol List Window
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Screen Presentation 3-15 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L Figure 3-18. xski’s Symbol List Window
Page 53 - Command Language; Command Entry; like this; Command Sequences, Repetition, and Abbreviation
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Command Language 4-1 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 4 Command Language The Ski command language is simple, efficient, and easy to learn. It consists of commands you can invoke from the key-board or from a command file (see Chapter 9, “Command Files”). ...
Page 54 - Argument Specification; Numeric Arguments; Numbers and Counts; Expressions
4-2 Command Language Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L the commands “ step 100 ” and “ eval my_buffer ”. This pair of commands would execute one hundred instructions and then print the value of (your) variable named “ my_buffer ”. By combining these two c...
Page 55 - Table 4-1. Ski Simulator Arithmetic and Logic Operators
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Command Language 4-3 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L As an example, in xski , eval 64 0d64 0o64 0b100000 *main ~(((0D1234+0X10EF0)*4)<<6)+0B10001001 prints the values of the six expressions in the Main Window, as shown in Figure 4-1. The first exp...
Page 56 - Addresses; ” and clear the bit with “; Symbolic Arguments; Program-Defined Symbols; command shows you; Registers; mand
4-4 Command Language Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 4.4.1.3 Addresses An address is specified by a 64 bit hexadecimal number. For example, the command pj 1000 repositions (“jumps”) the Program Window to address 0x1000. As discussed in Section 6.1, “App...
Page 57 - Internal Variables; Labels; Filenames; Resolving Ambiguous Symbols and Numbers
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Command Language 4-5 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L assigns the value contained in the ip register to general register 31. (For a description of the = command, see Section 8.1, “Changing Registers and Memory with Assignment Commands”.) Wherever the sim...
Page 58 - ” or “
4-6 Command Language Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L first in its symbol tables for program-defined symbols and internal variables (which includes register names). If a match isfound, the matching value is used, otherwise the character sequence is taken...
Page 59 - Screen Manipulation Commands; Register Window Commands; Summary of Register Window Commands
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Screen Manipulation Commands 5-1 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 5 Screen Manipulation Commands Ski provides several commands to manipulate windows. These commands let you make major changes of context or fineadjustments. xski provides more flexibility:...
Page 60 - Displays the system registers (; Program Window Commands; Summary of Program Window Commands
5-2 Screen Manipulation Commands Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L Displays the IA-32 ( eax , ebx , esp , etc.) registers in the Register Window. sr Displays the system registers ( cr , rr , pkr , dbr , ibr , pmc , and pmd ) in the Register Window. ur Dis...
Page 61 - or; from the directory where the program was; xski’s Program Window Showing IA-64 Assembly Language Code
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Screen Manipulation Commands 5-3 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L pm Display the program being simulated in its source code form with the assembly language translation mixed in, asshown in Figure 5-2. The source code display is for your convenience only;...
Page 62 - dumped along with the assembly language, even if the; command is given. Figure 5-3 shows an example of an; xski’s Program Window Showing Intermixed C and IA-64 Assembly Code
5-4 Screen Manipulation Commands Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L pd starting_address ending_address [filename] Dump the assembly language translation of the program in the area between the two addresses (inclusive) to thescreen ( ski ) or to a window ( ...
Page 63 - Data Window Commands; Summary of Data Window Commands; xski Showing Data as Instruction Bundles
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Screen Manipulation Commands 5-5 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 5.3 Data Window Commands The Data Window displays an area of memory in hexadecimal format and, if the window is wide enough, an ASCII trans-lation. (See Section 3.6, “The Data Window”.) Th...
Page 64 - xski Showing Data in Raw Hexadecimal and ASCII
5-6 Screen Manipulation Commands Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L dd starting_address ending_address [filename] Dump the memory area between the two addresses (inclusive) to the screen ( ski ) or window ( xski ) if no filename is given or to the specifie...
Page 65 - Program Simulation; Application-Mode and System-Mode Simulation; and will assume your program is a sys-; tion and the; Ski Support for Application-Mode Programs; ” functions. Ski does not; Ski Support for System-Mode Programs
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Program Simulation 6-1 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 6 Program Simulation Ski’s main responsibility is to simulate IA-64 instructions and programs built from these instructions. Many commandsand features are supplied to provide you with a great deal o...
Page 66 - System-Mode TLB Simulation; Summary of TLB Display Commands
6-2 Program Simulation Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 6.3.1 System-Mode IA-64 Programs A system-mode IA-64 program “sees” a more complete simulated environment: writeable registers are initialized to zero,page and TLB faults are simulated and cause a t...
Page 67 - Misaligned Data Access Trap; How to Load a Program
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Program Simulation 6-3 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 6.4 Misaligned Data Access Trap If the psr.ac bit is set, the IA-64 architecture requires alignment checks on memory accesses; i.e., when data accesses aremade to items larger than a byte, the appro...
Page 68 - Summary of Program Loading Commands; Adding Information after Loading
6-4 Program Simulation Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L example is “ xski my_program ”. The second way is to use the load , iaload , or romload commands, which take the filename as the first argument, for example, “ load my_program ”. 6.5.2 Summary of Pr...
Page 69 - Program Execution; Summary of Program Execution Commands; expression
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Program Simulation 6-5 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 6.6 Program Execution Programs may be run in their entirety without interruption, they may be stopped at appropriate places (see Section 8.3,“Program Breakpoints”) and continued, or they may be sing...
Page 71 - Linux and MS-DOS ABI Emulation; Interruptions; structures; Linux Application Environment; points to the top of the stack.
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Linux and MS-DOS ABI Emulation 7-1 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 7 Linux and MS-DOS ABI Emulation As discussed in Section 6.1, “Application-Mode and System-Mode Simulation”, Ski can provide application programswith a Linux-compatible or MS-DOS-compati...
Page 72 - Table 7-1. Linux System Calls Supported by Ski
7-2 Linux and MS-DOS ABI Emulation Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L Ski accepts but ignores the system calls shown in Table 7-2. For those that return an error indication, the errno code isshown in parentheses. All other ignored system calls return with ...
Page 73 - MS-DOS Application Environment
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Linux and MS-DOS ABI Emulation 7-3 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 7.3 MS-DOS Application Environment IA-32 application-mode programs “see” a limited MS-DOS environment. The MS-DOS environment is emulated by cre-ating and initializing an MS-DOS Program ...
Page 75 - Debugging; Changing Registers and Memory with Assignment Commands; Summary of Assignment Commands
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Debugging 8-1 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 8 Debugging The simulator provides many facilities to help you debug your programs. You can modify the current state of the simu-lated processor, set program breakpoints, trace program execution, and dump a ...
Page 76 - The value in; added to 0x10 is assigned to general register 1.; The string “; Figure 8-1. The Original Program Loaded in
8-2 Debugging Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L The hexadecimal value 0x1234 is assigned to general register 1. The six upper (more significant) bytes are paddedwith zeroes. = r1 ip+10 The value in ip added to 0x10 is assigned to general register 1. = f2....
Page 77 - Notes on Assignment; Address Alignment; results in the message; Bit-encoded Registers; and you can set the entire Processor Status Register (; Page Allocation
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Debugging 8-3 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 8.1.3 Notes on Assignment 8.1.3.1 Address Alignment Ski aligns addresses on natural boundaries: two-byte quantities are aligned on addresses divisible by two, four-byte quan-tities are aligned on addresses d...
Page 78 - Evaluating Formulas and Formatting Data; Program Breakpoints; Setting Program Breakpoints
8-4 Debugging Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 8.2 Evaluating Formulas and Formatting Data The eval command evaluates one or more expressions and prints the result(s) in decimal and hexadecimal. An example of the eval command and a more complete discussi...
Page 79 - Deleting Program Breakpoints; Listing Program Breakpoints; xski’s Program Window
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Debugging 8-5 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 8.3.2 Deleting Program Breakpoints Two commands delete program breakpoints. The bd command deletes a specified breakpoint. The bD command deletes all breakpoints currently set. 8.3.3 Listing Program Breakpoi...
Page 80 - Notes on Program Breakpoints; How Ski Implements Breakpoints; Unexpected Breakpoints; Summary of Program Breakpoint Commands; xski’s Breakpoint List Window Showing IA-64 and IA-32 Breakpoints
8-6 Debugging Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 8.3.4 Notes on Program Breakpoints 8.3.4.1 How Ski Implements Breakpoints Program breakpoints are implemented by replacing the instruction at the address of each breakpoint with an IA-64 BREAK instruction or...
Page 81 - Data Breakpoints; Setting Data Breakpoints; number
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Debugging 8-7 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L iabs [address] Sets an IA-32 breakpoint at the specified address or, if no address is given, at the location pointed to by ip . bd breakpoint_number Deletes the breakpoint numbered by breakpoint_number. bD D...
Page 82 - Dumping Registers and Memory to a File; Summary of Save and Restore Commands; Symbol Table Commands; Summary of Symbol Commands
8-8 Debugging Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 8.5 Dumping Registers and Memory to a File You can dump the registers to a file with the “ rd ” command, described in Section 5.1, “Register Window Commands”. You can dump a block of memory into a file in tw...
Page 85 - Command Files; Initialization File; Labels and Control Flow in Command Files
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Command Files 9-1 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 9 Command Files The dot (“ . ”) command temporarily redirects command input to the simulator so that input is taken from the file provided as an argument to the command. Into this file (a “command file”)...
Page 86 - example of using; Comments in Command Files
9-2 Command Files Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L example of using goto and a label is: loop: ... other commands ... goto loop 9.2.2 The if Command The if command allows for conditional execution. If the expression following the command evaluates to non...
Page 87 - Summary of Command File Commands
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Command Files 9-3 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L 9.5 Summary of Command File Commands . filename Executes commands in the given command file. The file is opened and its contents are executed as if they wereentered from the keyboard. When the contents o...
Page 89 - Command Reference; comment
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Command Reference A-1 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L A Command Reference In the command descriptions that follow, this face indicates literal text you should type, this face indicates operand text you should modify, [bracketed text] indicates text you ...
Page 90 - address length; dbD; dbd breakpoint_number; dbl
A-2 Command Reference Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L cated page, including instruction pages. Multiple values may not be supplied. The string may not contain spaces andquoting it is not a workaround. See “Changing Registers and Memory with Assignment C...
Page 91 - label
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Command Reference A-3 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L df [count] Move the Data Window forward count lines or one windowful if no count is given. See “Data Window Commands”on page 5-5. dh Display Data Window contents in hexadecimal format. See “Data Wind...
Page 93 - only) See “ski Register Window
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Command Reference A-5 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L the last line of the old window is displayed as the first line of the new window. ( ski only) See “ski Register Window Commands” on page 5-1. rb [count] Moves the Register Window “backward” (scroll u...
Page 95 - Register Names
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Register Names B-1 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L B Register Names IA-64 registers are fully described in other documents. This appendix provides a list for convenience only. The registernames are documented here as recognized by Ski and, in a few case...
Page 101 - Internal Variable Names; Number of “virtual cycles” simulated.
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Internal Variable Names C-1 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L C Internal Variable Names Ski has one combined symbol table for registers and internal variables. (See Section 4.4.2.2, “Registers” and Section4.4.2.3, “Internal Variables”.) A separate symbol ...
Page 103 - Simulator Status and Error Messages; All breakpoints deleted; All breakpoints in use; Assignment failed; Breakpoint already set at that location
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Simulator Status and Error Messages D-1 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L D Simulator Status and Error Messages The following is a description of some of the status and error messages which can be produced by the simulator. “Fault”and “Trap” messages are ...
Page 104 - Could not open %s for reading
D-2 Simulator Status and Error Messages Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L Breakpoint #%d wasn’t set You used the bd command to delete a specific breakpoint but that breakpoint doesn’t exist. Did you specify the right breakpoint? Use the bl command to list...
Page 105 - File size > Memory size; Following values could not be assigned:; Halting Simulation
Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Simulator Status and Error Messages D-3 Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L missions are wrong or a remote file has suddenly become inaccessible? See “The Program Window” on page 3-6 andthe discussion of the pm command in “Program Window Commands” on page 5...
Page 106 - command for information; expression true_command
D-4 Simulator Status and Error Messages Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L help: Unknown command: %s You asked Ski to tell you about a particular command but the command you asked for doesn’t exist. Try the help command alone to get a list of all of the co...
Page 108 - No program has been loaded. Use the; command, depending on what kind of program; example, when you use the
D-6 Simulator Status and Error Messages Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L Not an IA-64 file See “File size > Memory size” on page D-3. Nothing to run No program has been loaded. Use the load , iaload , or romload command, depending on what kind of prog...
Page 110 - understand different flags. See “Command Line Flags” on page 2-4.; unsupported system call %d; Ski’s generic command line help message.
D-8 Simulator Status and Error Messages Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-Packard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual 1.0L Unable to open console window Your system-mode program tried to open a console with the appropriate Simulator System Call but Ski wasn’t ableto spawn the corresponding xterm program...
