Page 2 - Legal Notices; Warranty; Copyright
2 Legal Notices The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Hewlett-Packard makes no warranty of any kind with regard to thismanual, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties ofmerchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Hewlett-Packardshall not be hel...
Page 3 - Trademark Notices
3 © Copyright 1989-93 The Open Software Foundation, Inc.© Copyright 1986 Digital Equipment Corporation.© Copyright 1990 Motorola, Inc.© Copyright 1990, 1991, 1992 Cornell University© Copyright 1989-1991 The University of Maryland© Copyright 1988 Carnegie Mellon University Trademark Notices UNIX is...
Page 5 - Contents; About This Document
Contents 5 About This Document 1. Overview The mrouted Routing Daemon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Multicasting Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 DVMRP Protocol ....
Page 9 - Intended Audience; uname
9 About This Document This manual describes the various routing daemons supported in theHP-UX 11i v2 operating system.It is one of the five new manualsdocumenting the Internet Services suite of products. See “RelatedDocumentation” on page 11 for a list of the other new Internet Servicesmanuals. Thes...
Page 10 - mrouted
10 Publishing History Table 2 provides, for a particular document, the manufacturing partnumber, the respective operating systems, and the publication date. What Is in This Document HP-UX Routing Services Administrator’s Guide is divided into chapters,each of which contain information about configur...
Page 11 - Related Documentation; HP-UX Internet Services Administrator’s Guide
11 Related Documentation For more information about the Internet Services suite of products, seethe following books: • HP-UX Internet Services Administrator’s Guide Provides an overview of the Internet Services products and describeshow to install and configure them on your HP-UX 11i v2 operatingsys...
Page 12 - Typographical Conventions; audit
12 Many sections of this manual refer to RFCs for more informationabout certain networking topics. These documents publicize Internetstandards, new research concepts, and status memos about theInternet. You can access the full range of RFC documents and moreinformation about the Internet Engineering...
Page 13 - Book Title; Bold; HP Encourages Your Feedback
13 a hot link to the manpage itself. From the HP-UXcommand line, you can enter “ man audit ” or “ man 5 audit ” to view the manpage. See man (1). Book Title The title of a book. On the Web and on the InstantInformation CD, it may be a hot link to the book itself. ComputerOut Text displayed by the co...
Page 15 - Chapter 1; Overview
Chapter 1 15 1 Overview A router is a device that has multiple network interfaces and thattransfers Internet Protocol (IP) packets from one network or subnet toanother within an internetwork. In many IP-related documents, thisdevice is also referred to as a gateway. The term router is used in this
Page 17 - The mrouted Routing Daemon; NOTE; Multicasting Overview; DVMRP Protocol
Overview The mrouted Routing Daemon Chapter 1 17 The mrouted Routing Daemon mrouted (pronounced “M route D”) is a routing daemon that forwards IP multicast datagrams, within an autonomous network, through routersthat support IP multicast addressing. mrouted implements the Distance-Vector Multicast R...
Page 19 - IP Multicast Addresses; Multicast Group Address
Overview The mrouted Routing Daemon Chapter 1 19 In this figure, the mrouted router R1 receives a multicast packet from node M. Because R1 is configured as one end of a tunnel, R1encapsulates the IP multicast packet in a standard unicast IP packetaddressed to the mrouted router R2. The packet, now t...
Page 22 - The gated Routing Daemon; Advantages
Overview The gated Routing Daemon Chapter 1 22 The gated Routing Daemon gated (pronounced “gate D”) is a routing daemon that updates routing tables in internetwork routers. Developed at Cornell University, gated handles the Routing Information Protocol (RIP), External GatewayProtocol (EGP), Border G...
Page 23 - Deciding When to Use gated
Overview The gated Routing Daemon Chapter 1 23 • gated translates among several protocols, passing information within or between IP routing domains or autonomous systems.Autonomous system (AS) is used here to refer to a group ofconnected nodes and routers in the same administrative domain thatexchan...
Page 24 - Routing Protocols; gated
Overview The gated Routing Daemon Chapter 1 24 Routing Protocols For routing purposes, networks and gateways are logically grouped intoautonomous system (AS). Companies and organizations that want toconnect to the Internet and form an AS must obtain a unique AS numberfrom the Internet Assigned Numbe...
Page 26 - Comparison of RIP and OSPF Protocols (Continued)
Overview The gated Routing Daemon Chapter 1 26 gated supports the following exterior gateway protocols: • The External Gateway Protocol (EGP) permits a node on theNSFNET backbone to exchange information with other backbonenodes about reaching a destination. You can use EGP tocommunicate routing info...
Page 29 - Chapter 2; Configuring mrouted
Chapter 2 29 2 Configuring mrouted This chapter describes how to configure mrouted and the various configuration commands in mrouted . It also provides information on starting and verifying the mrouted installation. A description of the mrouted routing tables is also provided, along with the various...
Page 30 - “How to Configure mrouted” on page 31
Configuring mrouted Chapter 2 30 routing support tools. This chapter discusses the following topics: • “How to Configure mrouted” on page 31 • “Starting mrouted” on page 36 • “Verifying mrouted Operation” on page 37 • “Displaying mrouted Routing Tables” on page 38 • “Multicast Routing Support Tools”...
Page 31 - How to Configure mrouted; Configuration Commands
Configuring mrouted How to Configure mrouted Chapter 2 31 How to Configure mrouted When the mrouted daemon starts, it automatically reads the default configuration file /etc/mrouted.conf . You can override the default configuration file by specifying an alternate file while invoking mrouted . See “S...
Page 35 - on
Configuring mrouted How to Configure mrouted Chapter 2 35 those leaf subnets do not contain members of the multicast destinationgroup. Use only nonpruning mode for testing. The default mode forpruning is on . You can use the name command to assign a name ( boundary-name ) to a boundary (a scoped-add...
Page 36 - Starting mrouted
Configuring mrouted Starting mrouted Chapter 2 36 Starting mrouted You can start mrouted from the HP-UX prompt or from within a shell script by issuing the following command: /etc/mrouted [-p] [-c config_file] [-d debug_level] The -p option disables pruning by overriding the pruning on statement wit...
Page 37 - Verifying mrouted Operation
Configuring mrouted Verifying mrouted Operation Chapter 2 37 Verifying mrouted Operation You can use one or more of the following methods to verify mrouted operation: • Retrieve the virtual interface table and the multicast routingtable to verify if appropriate virtual interfaces (vifs) are configur...
Page 38 - Displaying mrouted Routing Tables
Configuring mrouted Displaying mrouted Routing Tables Chapter 2 38 Displaying mrouted Routing Tables mrouted contains three routing tables: the virtual interface table, the multicast routing table, and the multicast routing cache table. The virtual interface table displays the following topological ...
Page 40 - For more information on signals, type man
Configuring mrouted Displaying mrouted Routing Tables Chapter 2 40 For more information on signals, type man 1M mrouted at the HP-UX command prompt, and see the Signals section.
Page 41 - Multicast Routing Support Tools; The mrinfo Tool
Configuring mrouted Multicast Routing Support Tools Chapter 2 41 Multicast Routing Support Tools This section describes various multicast routing support tools. The mrinfo Tool mrinfo is a multicast routing tool that requests configuration information from mrouted and prints the information to the s...
Page 43 - Chapter 3; Configuring gated
Chapter 3 43 3 Configuring gated gated handles multiple routing protocols. You can configure the gated daemon to perform all or any combination of the supported protocols.
Page 45 - Configuration Overview
Configuring gated Configuration Overview Chapter 3 45 Configuration Overview Upon startup, gated reads the configuration file to decide how each protocol must be used to manage routing. By default, it uses theconfiguration file named /etc/gated.conf . Creating the configuration file is usually the r...
Page 50 - Configuring the RIP Protocol; RIP Protocol Statement
Configuring gated Configuring the RIP Protocol Chapter 3 50 Configuring the RIP Protocol RIP uses hopcount to determine the shortest path to a destination.Hopcount is the number of routers a packet must pass through to reachits destination. If a path is directly connected, it has the lowest hopcount...
Page 53 - Configuration Options
Configuring gated Configuring the RIP Protocol Chapter 3 53 • [secondary] authentication [none|[simple|md5] password] specifies the type of authentication for RIP Version 2 packets (it isignored for Version 1 packets). secondary indicates that the secondary authentication is defined; otherwise, the ...
Page 54 - Simple RIP Configuration; Example of Simple RIP Configuration; Set up the configuration file; End Systems
Configuring gated Configuring the RIP Protocol Chapter 3 54 Simple RIP Configuration A simple RIP configuration consists of RIP routers and end nodes thatlisten to information exchanged by the RIP routers, as shown inFigure 3-1. Figure 3-1 and the accompanying text describe configuration of a single...
Page 55 - Example of a Large RIP Configuration; Figure 3-2 and the accompanying text describe how to configure
Configuring gated Configuring the RIP Protocol Chapter 3 55 With one interface, A can listen to RIP traffic on the network but doesnot forward routing information. Routers must be multicasting RIPpackets on this network for A to learn about them and update its routingtable. The first syntax statemen...
Page 56 - You need not run; Isolated Node
Configuring gated Configuring the RIP Protocol Chapter 3 56 Figure 3-2 Example of Large RIP Network A: Cluster Node (or Isolated Node) You need not run gated at this node, because it is on a LAN with only one router. Set a static default route to the cluster server (B) in the /etc/rc.config.d/netcon...
Page 58 - Controlling RIP Traffic
Configuring gated Configuring the RIP Protocol Chapter 3 58 rip yes { interface 121.1.0.10 version 2 multicast; }; static { default interface 121.1.0.10 preference 255 ; }; With one interface, C can listen to RIP traffic on the network but doesnot forward routing information. Routers must be multica...
Page 60 - Configuring the OSPF Protocol
Configuring gated Configuring the OSPF Protocol Chapter 3 60 Configuring the OSPF Protocol Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a link-state routing protocol thatdistributes routing information between routers in a single autonomoussystem (AS). Each OSPF router transmits a packet with a description of...
Page 61 - The Hello subprotocol used with OSPF is not the same as the
Configuring gated Configuring the OSPF Protocol Chapter 3 61 Figure 3-3 Areas Defined in an Autonomous System Internal routers have all their directly connected networks in the samearea. In Figure 3-3, routers A, B, and H are internal routers. Routers that are connected to multiple areas are called ...
Page 62 - Router link
Configuring gated Configuring the OSPF Protocol Chapter 3 62 Multi-access networks (networks that can be accessed through two ormore neighbor routers) must have one of the routers identified as adesignated router. Designated routers initiate OSPF protocol functions on behalf of thenetwork. In Figure...
Page 63 - Following are the two levels of routing in an AS:; Planning Your OSPF Configuration; If your AS exchanges routing information with other autonomous
Configuring gated Configuring the OSPF Protocol Chapter 3 63 it is not required that an AS boundary router be a backbone router. AnAS boundary router learns about routes other than its attached ASthrough exchanges with other routing protocols or through configurationinformation. Each AS boundary rou...
Page 64 - Enabling OSPF
Configuring gated Configuring the OSPF Protocol Chapter 3 64 6. For multi-access networks, identify a designated router. For NBMA networks, several routers can be designated router candidates.Designated routers are specified in the interface definitions (see “Theinterface Statement” on page 67). 7. ...
Page 65 - Defining Areas; Each OSPF router is associated with one or more areas. The; Area Border Router Configuration Example; The following is an example of the area definitions in the router’s; Area
Configuring gated Configuring the OSPF Protocol Chapter 3 65 The following sections explain other statements defined for the OSPFprotocol configuration. Defining Areas Each OSPF router is associated with one or more areas. The area statement identifies an OSPF area. The value is in the form of a dot...
Page 66 - The; Network Configuration Example
Configuring gated Configuring the OSPF Protocol Chapter 3 66 You can define various characteristics for an area and interfaces. Thefollowing sections describe the configuration statements that you can usein defining an area. The networks Statement The networks statement defines the address ranges th...
Page 67 - The interface Statement
Configuring gated Configuring the OSPF Protocol Chapter 3 67 The following is an example of the network definition in the Router A’s /etc/gated.conf file: ospf yes area 0.0.0.1 networks { 193.2.1.16 mask 0xfffffff0 ; 193.2.1.32 mask 0xfffffff0 ; } ; interface 193.2.1.33 { ... } ; } ; ... The interfa...
Page 68 - The following sections describe each type of interface.
Configuring gated Configuring the OSPF Protocol Chapter 3 68 • A point-to-point network is a network that joins a single pair ofrouters. An example of a point-to-point network is a 56-KB serialline. The following sections describe each type of interface. Multicast Interfaces On multicast networks, a...
Page 70 - interface; Router
Configuring gated Configuring the OSPF Protocol Chapter 3 70 Figure 3-6 shows an example of a router that is connected to a multicastnetwork through the interface 193.2.1.35. Figure 3-6 Multicast Router Interface Example The following is an example of the multicast interface definition in therouter’...
Page 71 - specified by the; Non-Broadcast Router Interface Example
Configuring gated Configuring the OSPF Protocol Chapter 3 71 specified by the routerdeadinterval definition). The value of pollinterval must be larger than the value of hellointerval . A sample value for an X.25 network is 2 minutes. Default: None (you must specify a value) Range: 0 – 255 • routers ...
Page 72 - retransmitinterval
Configuring gated Configuring the OSPF Protocol Chapter 3 72 interface 193.2.1.35 nonbroadcast cost 5 { routers { 193.2.1.33 eligible ; 193.2.1.46 eligible ; } ; priority 15 ; hellointerval 5 ; routerdeadinterval 20 ; retransmitinterval 10 ; pollinterval 20 ; } ; Point-to-Point Interfaces On point-t...
Page 74 - nonbroadcast; Stub Areas; stub
Configuring gated Configuring the OSPF Protocol Chapter 3 74 Figure 3-8 shows an example of a router (A) that is connected to anon-broadcast, point-to-point network through interface 193.2.1.1. Figure 3-8 Point-to-Point Router Interface Example The following is an example of the interface definition...
Page 76 - Defining Backbones; Backbone Configuration Example
Configuring gated Configuring the OSPF Protocol Chapter 3 76 Defining Backbones The OSPF backbone distributes routing information between areas. Youcan define backbones with the same statements and clauses as areas.You need not define the stub statement for a backbone. The backbone statement is used...
Page 77 - Authentication
Configuring gated Configuring the OSPF Protocol Chapter 3 77 backbone { interface 15.13.115.156 { enable ; transitdelay 20 ; priority 20 ; hellointerval 30 ; routerdeadinterval 120 ; retransmitinterval 60 ; } ; } ; If the router is directly attached via a point-to-point interface to a hostthat is no...
Page 78 - The following example shows an
Configuring gated Configuring the OSPF Protocol Chapter 3 78 configured on a per-interface basis. If a router has interfaces to morethan one network, different passwords can be configured. This isillustrated in Figure 3-11. Figure 3-11 Simple Password Authentication The following example shows an au...
Page 79 - Cost; Cost Configuration Example
Configuring gated Configuring the OSPF Protocol Chapter 3 79 retransmitinterval 10 ; pollinterval 20 ; authkey " travis " ; } ; } ; Cost The outbound side of each router interface is associated with aconfigurable cost. Lower cost interfaces are more likely to be used inforwarding data traffi...
Page 80 - cost; AS External Routes (AS Boundary Routers Only)
Configuring gated Configuring the OSPF Protocol Chapter 3 80 In Figure 3-12, there are two possible packet routes between nodes A andD: one route goes through node B and the other route goes through nodeC. The cost of each route is calculated as follows: Node A to node B and node B to node D: 5+5 = ...
Page 83 - Sample OSPF Configuration; OSPF Sample Configuration; Set up
Configuring gated Configuring the OSPF Protocol Chapter 3 83 Sample OSPF Configuration Figure 3-13 shows an example of two areas. Area 1 is a non-stub area,while area 2 is configured as a stub area. Node B is an area border routerbetween the two areas. Figure 3-13 OSPF Sample Configuration A: Intern...
Page 86 - Accessing the OSPF MIB
Configuring gated Configuring the OSPF Protocol Chapter 3 86 The routing table on node A contains routes to 193.2.1.32 and 193.2.1.16.The routing table on node C in the stub area contains routes only to LAN1 and a default router. Accessing the OSPF MIB HP’s gated also provides ospfagt , an OSPF Simp...
Page 87 - Configuring RDP; RDP Server; , the advertisements contain all the IP addresses
Configuring gated Configuring RDP Chapter 3 87 Configuring RDP You can use Router Discovery Protocol (RDP), a standard protocol, toinform hosts of the presence of routers to which they can send packets.You can also use RDP instead of host wiretapping routing protocols (forexample, RIP). It is used i...
Page 88 - An example of the; In the example, the server is enabled on the physical interfaces; RDP Client; or to the interface’s broadcast address (if multicasting is not
Configuring gated Configuring RDP Chapter 3 88 configured on the physical interface. If advertisements are sent to a netor subnet broadcast, only that network’s or subnet’s address is includedin the advertisement. An example of the routerdiscovery server statement is as follows: routerdiscovery serv...
Page 89 - redirect; RDP Server and Clients Example
Configuring gated Configuring RDP Chapter 3 89 The host also deletes any routes learned from ICMP redirect s pointing to the invalid addresses. Also, if a router advertisement is not receivedbefore the addresses listed by the host becomes invalid (that is, before itslifetime expires), the routes lea...
Page 90 - Customizing Routes; Specifying a Default Router
Configuring gated Customizing Routes Chapter 3 90 Customizing Routes gated maintains the routing table in user space, and synchronizes this table with the kernel routing table. This section describes statements forsetting up customized routes in the Static class of the gated configuration file, /etc...
Page 91 - Setting Interface States
Configuring gated Customizing Routes Chapter 3 91 Setting Interface States gated times out routes that pass through interfaces not receiving any RIP, OSPF, or BGP packets. The passive clause in the interface statement of the Static class prevents gated from changing the preference of a route to the ...
Page 92 - Specifying Tracing Options
Configuring gated Specifying Tracing Options Chapter 3 92 Specifying Tracing Options Trace options specify the desired level of tracing output from gated . Tracing output provides useful system information for setting up a nodeon the network. Use trace options to set up a node and to send a certaint...
Page 94 - Specifying Route Preference; Default Preference Values of Routes
Configuring gated Specifying Route Preference Chapter 3 94 Specifying Route Preference gated maintains a routing table that consists of the route information learned from OSPF and from other active routing protocols, such as RIPor EGP. You can also configure static routes in the /etc/gated.conf file...
Page 96 - In a
Configuring gated Specifying Route Preference Chapter 3 96 • In a defaults statement in the OSPF protocol configuration. This preference definition specifies the preference value of ASE routesthat are imported into OSPF. See “AS External Routes (AS BoundaryRouters Only)” on page 80 for more informat...
Page 97 - Importing and Exporting Routes; The import Statement
Configuring gated Importing and Exporting Routes Chapter 3 97 Importing and Exporting Routes You can propagate routes from one routing protocol to another using the import and export control statements. Routes are imported into a gated forwarding table and exported out to the routing protocols. For ...
Page 98 - Examples of import and export Statements; import; export
Configuring gated Importing and Exporting Routes Chapter 3 98 Examples of import and export Statements The following import statement imports a BGP route for network 195.1.1 to the gated forwarding table with a preference of 15: import proto bgp as 1 { 195.1.1 mask 0xffffff00 preference 15; }; The f...
Page 99 - Starting gated; Command Line Options for gated
Configuring gated Starting gated Chapter 3 99 Starting gated To start gated , complete the following steps: 1. Set the environment variable GATED to 1 in the file /etc/rc.config.d/netconf to start gated automatically upon system startup. 2. Reboot your system, or issue the following command to run t...
Page 100 - Verifying That gated Is Running; Command Line Options for gated (Continued)
Configuring gated Starting gated Chapter 3 100 For more information about the command-line options, type man 1M gated at the HP-UX prompt. Verifying That gated Is Running Issue the following command to determine if gated is running: /usr/bin/ps -ef | /usr/bin/grep gated This command reports the proc...
Page 101 - Troubleshooting gated; Checking for Syntax Errors in the Configuration File
Configuring gated Troubleshooting gated Chapter 3 101 Troubleshooting gated This section describes the following techniques for troubleshooting gated and some common problems encountered with gated operation: • “Checking for Syntax Errors in the Configuration File” on page 101 • “Tracing gated Activ...
Page 102 - Operational User Interface for gated – gdc
Configuring gated Troubleshooting gated Chapter 3 102 NOTE In gated 3.5.9 , the two statements in the Trace class ( tracefile and traceoptions ) are combined into one traceoptions statement. Therefore, the tracefile statement is eliminated. For details about the new syntax, type man 4 gated.conf at ...
Page 103 - The gated Routing Table
Configuring gated Troubleshooting gated Chapter 3 103 gdc determines the state of gated and produces a reliable exit status during errors, which is useful in shell scripts that manipulate gated . The syslogd facility is used to log all the commands and error messages generated during gdc operation. ...
Page 104 - Common Problems; Problem 1: gated does not act as expected.
Configuring gated Troubleshooting gated Chapter 3 104 Common Problems This section discusses the common problems experienced during gated operation. Problem 1: gated does not act as expected. First, check the syslogd output for any syntax errors that may have been flagged. To detect incorrect config...
Page 105 - strictintfs
Configuring gated Troubleshooting gated Chapter 3 105 Interface Configuration Without strictintfs Option Specified Thefollowing configuration references a non-existent interface, but does notinclude the strictintfs option: traceoptions "tt" general; interfaces { interface lan0 lan1 lan3 pass...
Page 106 - Problem 2: gated deletes routes from the routing table.
Configuring gated Troubleshooting gated Chapter 3 106 lan2 Index 3 Address 802.2 8:0:9:3d:2c:b1 Change: <> State: <> Refcount: 2 Up-down transitions: 0 198.1.1.17 Metric: 0 MTU: 1436 Refcount: 4 Preference: 0 Down: 120 Change: <> State: <Up Broadcast Multicast > Broadcast Add...
Page 108 - Problem 4: gated does not add routes that you think it must.
Configuring gated Troubleshooting gated Chapter 3 108 You may have to repeat this process several times to track down theoriginal source of the route. If you expect the route to go through adifferent router, turn on gated tracing. The tracing tells you which routers are advertising this route and th...
Page 109 - Index; See autonomous system
109 Index Aall hosts group , 19 area border router , 61 configuration example , 75 area statement in /etc/gated.conf file , 65 areas, OSPF , 63 example configuration , 65 AS , 23 See autonomous system Assigned Numbers Authority , 63 authentication in OSPF , 77 authkey statement in /etc/gated.conf fi...
Page 111 - See MIB
Index 111 IP type of service routing feature , 24 Kkernel routing table , 22 , 100 Llink state advertisement , 62 Mmanagement information base See MIB metricin clause in /etc/gated.conf file , 52 metricout clause in /etc/gated.conf file , 52 MIB , 24 mixing protocols , 25 mrouted configuration comma...
Page 112 - See RDP protocol
Index 112 password authentication in OSPF , 78 configuration example , 78 phyint command in mrouted , 32 point-to-point network interface , 68 , 72 configuration example , 74 pollinterval statement in /etc/gated.conf file , 71 , 73 preference clause in /etc/gated.conf file , 51 , 81 , 94 priority st...
Page 113 - See TRPB
Index 113 TOS routing feature , 24 traceoptions statement in /etc/gated.conf file , 53 tracing gated , 92 , 99 , 101 transmitdelay statement in /etc/gated.conf file , 68 TRPB , 18 Truncated Reverse Path Broadcasting , 18 See TRPB trustedgateways clause in /etc/gated.conf file , 53 , 59 TTL in mroute...
