Polaris 2014 Ranger 400- Manuals

5 INTRODUCTION Failure to follow the warnings contained in this manual can result in severe injury or death. Your POLARIS RANGER is not a toy and can be hazardous to operate. This vehicle handles differently than other vehicles, such as cars, trucks or other off-road vehicles. A collision or rollove...

6 INTRODUCTION Vehicle Identification Numbers Record your vehicle's identification numbers and key number in the spaces provided. Remove the spare key and store it in a safe place. An ignition key can be duplicated only by ordering a POLARIS key blank (using your key number) and mating it with one o...

7 INTRODUCTION European Vibration and Noise The driver-perceived noise and hand/arm and whole body vibration levels of this machinery is measured per prEN 15997. The operating conditions of the machinery during testing: The vehicles were in like-new condition. The environment was controlled as indic...

8 SAFETY Safe Riding Gear The driver and all passengers must wear helmet, eye protection, gloves, long-sleeve shirt, long pants, over-the-ankle boots and seat belt at all times. Protective gear reduces the chance of injury. Helmet Wearing a helmet can prevent a severe head injury. Whenever riding th...

9 SAFETY Safe Riding Gear Eye Protection Do not depend on eyeglasses or sunglasses for eye protection. Whenever riding this POLARIS vehicle, always wear shatterproof goggles or use a shatterproof helmet face shield. POLARIS recommends wearing approved Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) bearing mark...

10 SAFETY Safety Labels and Locations Warning labels have been placed on the vehicle for your protection. Read and follow the instructions of the labels on the vehicle carefully. If any of the labels depicted in this manual differ from the labels on your vehicle, always read and follow the instructi...

11 SAFETY Safety Labels and Locations Seat Belt/Drive Responsibly Warning WARNING Improper vehicle use can result in SEVERE INJURY or DEATH Be Prepared • Fasten seat belts. • Wear an approved helmet and protective gear. • ALWAYS use vehicle cab nets and/or doors. • Each rider must be able to sit wit...

12 SAFETY Passenger/Tire Pressure Warning WARNING• Passengers can be thrown off. This can cause serious injury or death. • Never carry passengers in cargo box. WARNING IMPROPER TIRE PRESSURE OR OVERLOADING CAN CAUSE LOSS OF CONTROL RESULTING IN SERIOUS INJURY OR DEATH. • Reduce speed and allow great...

13 SAFETY Operator Safety Serious injury or death can result if you do not follow these instructions and procedures, which are outlined in further detail within your owner's manual. • Read this entire manual and all labels carefully. Follow the operating procedures described. • Never allow anyone un...

14 SAFETY Operator Safety • Always travel slowly and use extra caution when operating on unfamiliar terrain. Be alert to changing terrain. • Never operate on excessively rough, slippery or loose terrain.• Always follow proper procedures for turning. Practice turning at slow speeds before attempting ...

15 SAFETY Operator Safety • Always use the proper size and type of tires specified in this manual. Always maintain proper tire pressure as specified on safety labels. • Never modify this vehicle through improper installation or use of non-POLARIS- approved accessories. • Never exceed the stated load...

16 SAFETY Operator Safety Failure to operate the RANGER properly can result in a collision, loss of control, accident or rollover, which may result in serious injury or death. Heed all safety warnings outlined in this section of the owner’s manual. See the OPERATION section of the owner’s manual for...

17 SAFETY Operator Safety Cab Nets Riding in this vehicle without using the cab nets (or doors, if equipped) increases the risk of serious injury or death in the event of an accident or rollover. Always use the cab nets (or doors) while riding in this vehicle. Always keep hands and feet inside the v...

18 SAFETY Operator Safety Handling Gasoline Gasoline is highly flammable and explosive under certain conditions. • Always exercise extreme caution whenever handling gasoline.• Always turn off the engine when refueling.• Always refuel outdoors or in a well ventilated area free of any source of flame ...

20 SAFETY Operator Safety Improper Tire Maintenance Operating this vehicle with improper tires or with improper or uneven tire pressure could cause loss of control or accident.Always use the size and type of tires specified for your vehicle. Always maintain proper tire pressure as described in the o...

21 FEATURES AND CONTROLS Component Locations Your vehicle is equipped with cab nets on both sides of the vehicle. Cab nets (or doors, if equipped) must be used by both operator and passengers at all times. The vehicle illustrated below is shown without cab nets only to allow component identification...

22 FEATURES AND CONTROLS Component Locations Auxiliary Outlet The 12-volt receptacles have spade connections on the back that may be used to power an auxiliary light or other optional accessories or lights. The connections are behind the console, under the hood. Indicator Lights Indicator Lights Cup...

23 FEATURES AND CONTROLS Component Locations Gear Selector H: High GearL: Low GearN: NeutralR: ReverseP: Park Low gear is the primary driving range for the RANGER . High gear is intended for use on hard-packed surfaces with light loads. Whenever the vehicle is left unattended, always place the trans...

24 FEATURES AND CONTROLS Switches Ignition Switch/Light Switch The ignition switch is a four-position, key-operated switch. The key can be removed from the switch when it is in the OFF position. AWD/Differential Lock Switch The AWD/Differential Switch has three positions: All Wheel Drive (AWD), Diff...

25 FEATURES AND CONTROLS Trailer Hitch Bracket This vehicle is equipped with a receiver hitch bracket for a trailer hitch. Trailer towing equipment is not supplied with this vehicle. To avoid injury and property damage, always heed the warnings and towing capacities outlined on pages 37-38. Fuel Cap...

26 FEATURES AND CONTROLS Seat Belts This POLARIS vehicle is equipped with three-point lap and diagonal seat belts for the operator and passenger. Always make sure the seat belts are secured for all riders before operating. The center of the seat is NOT equipped with a seat belt. Never allow a passen...

27 FEATURES AND CONTROLS Seat Removal Pull up on the front of the seat and slide it toward the front of the vehicle. Install the seat by sliding the tabs into the rear of the seat base. Push down firmly on the front of the seat until the pins are fully seated into the grommets. Cab Nets Riding in th...

28 OPERATION Failure to operate the vehicle properly can result in a collision, loss of control, accident or rollover, which may result in serious injury or death. Read and understand all safety warnings outlined in the safety section of this owner’s manual. Break-In Period The break-in period for y...

29 OPERATION Pre-Ride Inspection Failure to inspect and verify that the vehicle is in safe operating condition before operating increases the risk of an accident. Always inspect the vehicle before each use to make sure it's in safe operating condition. Item Remarks Page Brake system/pedal travel Ens...

30 OPERATION Starting the Engine 1. Always start the engine outdoors or in a well-ventilated area. 2. Turn the fuel valve on. 3. Sit in the driver's seat and fasten the seat belt. Secure the cab nets (or doors). 4. Apply the brakes. Place the transmission in PARK. 5. Do not use the choke if starting...

31 OPERATION Stopping the Engine 1. Release the throttle pedal completely and brake to a complete stop. 2. Place the transmission in PARK. 3. Turn the engine off. WARNING! A rolling vehicle can cause serious injury. Always place the transmission in PARK when stopping the engine. Braking 1. Release t...

32 OPERATION Driving with a Passenger 1. Perform the pre-ride inspection. See page 29. 2. Make sure any passenger is at least 12 years of age and tall enough to comfortably and safely sit in a passenger seat with the seat belt secured, put both feet on the floor and grasp the hand hold. 3. Make sure...

33 OPERATION Driving in Reverse Follow these precautions when operating in reverse: 1. Always check for obstacles or people behind the vehicle. Always inspect left and right fields of vision before backing. 2. Always avoid backing downhill. 3. Back slowly. 4. Apply the brakes lightly for stopping. 5...

34 OPERATION Driving On Slippery Surfaces Skidding or sliding can cause loss of control or rollover (if tires regain traction unexpectedly). When operating on slippery surfaces such as ice or loose gravel, reduce speed and use extra caution to reduce the chance of skidding or sliding out of control....

35 OPERATION Driving Uphill Whenever traveling uphill, follow these precautions: 1. Always travel straight uphill. 2. Avoid excessively steep hills. 3. Keep both feet on the floor. 4. Always check the terrain carefully before ascending any hill. Never climb hills with excessively slippery or loose s...

36 OPERATION Parking on an Incline Avoid parking on an incline if possible. If it's unavoidable, follow these precautions: 1. Apply the brakes. 2. Place the transmission in PARK. 3. Turn the engine off. 4. Block the rear wheels on the downhill side. Driving Through Water Your POLARIS RANGER can oper...

37 OPERATION Hauling Cargo Hauling cargo improperly can alter vehicle handling and may cause loss of control or brake instability, which can result in serious injury or death. Always follow these precautions when hauling cargo: Never exceed the maximum weight capacity of the vehicle. When determinin...

38 OPERATION Towing Loads Towing improperly can alter vehicle handling and may cause loss of control or brake instability. Always follow these precautions when towing: 1. Never load more than 150 lbs. (68.1 kg) tongue weight on the towing bracket. 2. Always shift to low gear for towing. 3. When towi...

39 OPERATION Dumping the Cargo Box 1. Select a level site to dump the cargo box. Do not attempt to dump or unload the vehicle while parked on an incline. 2. Apply the brakes. 3. Place the transmission in PARK. Dismount the vehicle. 4. Ensure that the cargo is positioned evenly or toward the front of...

40 OPERATION Differential Operation Modes The 4X4 rear axle is equipped with a lockable differential that allows the operator to choose between an open differential or a closed differential. AWD Press the top of the rocker switch to engage All Wheel Drive (AWD). When in AWD, the rear wheels rotate a...

41 OPERATION All Wheel Drive (AWD) The illuminated amber AWD switch indicates that the vehicle is in AWD. When the AWD switch is on, the front gearcase will automatically engage any time the rear wheels lose traction. When the rear wheels regain traction, the front gearcase will automatically diseng...

42 WINCH GUIDE These safety warnings and instructions apply if your vehicle came equipped with a winch or if you choose to add an accessory winch to your vehicle. Improper winch use can result in SEVERE INJURY or DEATH. Always follow all winch instructions and warnings in this manual. Your winch may...

44 WINCH GUIDE Winch Operation Read the Winch Safety Precautions in the preceding pages before using your winch. Tip: Consider practicing the operation and use of your winch before you actually need to use it in the field. Improper winch use can result in SEVERE INJURY or DEATH. Always follow all wi...

45 WINCH GUIDE Winch Operation 4. Always use the hook strap when handling the hook. WARNING! Never put your fingers into the hook. This could lead to SEVERE INJURY. A. Attach the hook itself onto the load or use a tow strap or chain to secure the load to the winch cable. Tip: A “tow strap” is NOT in...

46 WINCH GUIDE Winch Operation 8. Read and adhere to the following information for winch damping to ensure safe winch use. A. In order to absorb energy that could be released by a winch cable failure, always place a “damper” on the winch cable. A damper can be a heavy jacket, tarp, or other soft, de...

48 WINCH GUIDE Winch Cable Care For your safety, always replace POLARIS winch parts (including the cable) with genuine POLARIS replacement parts available at your authorized POLARIS dealer. WARNING! Use of worn or damaged cable could lead to sudden failure and SEVERE INJURY. 1. Always inspect your w...

49 WINCH GUIDE Shock Loading WARNING! Your winch cable is very strong but it is NOT designed for dynamic, or “shock” loading. Shock loading may tension a winch cable beyond its strength and cause the cable to break. The end of a broken winch cable under such high loading can cause SEVERE INJURY or D...

50 WINCH GUIDE Winch Maintenance and Service Safety WARNING! Improper or lack of winch maintenance and service could lead to SEVERE INJURY or DEATH. Always follow all winch instructions and warnings in this manual. 1. Always inspect your winch before each use. Inspect for worn or kinked winch cable....

51 EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEMS Noise Emission Control System Do not modify the engine, intake or exhaust components, as doing so may affect compliance with U.S.A. EPA noise control requirements (40 CFR 205) and local noise level requirements. Operation on Public Lands in the U.S.A. Your POLARIS vehicle...

52 MAINTENANCE Periodic Maintenance Chart Careful periodic maintenance will help keep your vehicle in the safest, most reliable condition. Inspection, adjustment and lubrication of important components are explained in the periodic maintenance chart. Inspect, clean, lubricate, adjust and replace par...

55 MAINTENANCE Lubrication Recommendations Check and lubricate all components at the intervals outlined in the Periodic Maintenance Chart beginning on page 52, or more often under severe use, such as wet or dusty conditions. Items not listed in the chart should be lubricated at the general lubricati...

56 MAINTENANCE Engine Oil Always check and change the engine oil at the intervals outlined in the Periodic Maintenance Chart beginning on page 52. Always change the oil filter whenever changing oil. WARNING! Vehicle operation with insufficient, deteriorated, or contaminated engine oil will cause acc...

57 MAINTENANCE Engine Oil Oil and Filter Change Always change the oil and filter at the intervals outlined in the Periodic Maintenance Chart beginning on page 52. Always change the oil filter whenever changing oil. 1. Position the vehicle on a level surface. 2. Place the transmission in PARK. 3. Sta...

58 MAINTENANCE Engine Oil Oil and Filter Change 14. Lubricate the gasket on the new filter with a film of new engine oil. Make sure the gasket is in good condition. Make sure the gasket from the old filter is not still on the engine. 15. Install the new filter and turn by hand until the filter gaske...

59 MAINTENANCE Gearcases Gearcase Specification Chart Transmission (Main Gearcase) Always check and change the transmission oil at the intervals outlined in the Periodic Maintenance Chart beginning on page 52. Maintain the oil level even with the bottom of the fill plug hole threads. Refer to the Ge...

60 MAINTENANCE Gearcases Front Gearcase Always check and change the front gearcase oil at the intervals outlined in the Periodic Maintenance Chart beginning on page 52. Maintain the oil level even with the bottom thread of the fill plug hole. Refer to the Gearcase Specifications Chart on page 59 for...

61 MAINTENANCE Spark Plugs Spark Plug Recommendations Refer to the specifications section beginning on page 86 for the recommended spark plug type for your vehicle. Always torque spark plugs to specification. NOTICE: Using non-recommended spark plugs can result in serious engine damage. Always use P...

62 MAINTENANCE Cooling System The engine coolant level is controlled or maintained by the recovery system. The recovery system components are the overflow bottle, radiator filler neck, radiator pressure cap and connecting hose. As coolant operating temperature increases, the expanding (heated) exces...

63 MAINTENANCE Cooling System Overflow Bottle Coolant Level Always check and change the coolant at the intervals outlined in the Periodic Maintenance Chart beginning on page 52. Maintain the coolant level between the minimum and maximum marks on the bottle (when the fluid is cool). The overflow bott...

64 MAINTENANCE POLARIS Variable Transmission (PVT) System Failure to comply with the instructions in this warning can result in severe injury or death. Do not modify any component of the PVT system. Doing so may reduce its strength so that a failure may occur at a high speed. The PVT system has been...

65 MAINTENANCE POLARIS Variable Transmission (PVT) System PVT Drying There may be some instances when water is ingested into the PVT system. Use the following instructions to dry it out before operating. 1. Position the vehicle on a level surface. 2. Remove the drain plug. Allow the water to drain c...

66 MAINTENANCE Vehicle Immersion NOTICE: If your vehicle becomes immersed, major engine damage can result if the machine is not thoroughly inspected. Take the vehicle to your dealer before starting the engine. If it's impossible to take your RANGER to a dealer before starting it, follow the steps ou...

67 MAINTENANCE Filter Systems Air Filter Always change the air filter at the intervals outlined in the Periodic Maintenance Chart beginning on page 52. Service the air filter more frequently if the vehicle is operated in wet conditions or at high throttle openings for extended periods. 1. Lift the c...

68 MAINTENANCE Carburetor The idle speed adjustment should be performed as outlined in the Periodic Maintenance Chart, or whenever the idle speed is changed. Recommended engine idle RPM is 1200 +/- 200. Carburetor/Engine Idle RPM Adjustment If the engine idle speed is unsatisfactory and all other co...

69 MAINTENANCE Spark Arrester Failure to heed the following warnings while servicing the spark arrester could result in serious injury or death. • Do not perform service on the spark arrester while the system is hot. Exhaust system temperatures can reach 1000° F. Allow components to cool sufficientl...

70 MAINTENANCE Throttle System Failure to check or maintain proper operation of the throttle system can result in an accident and lead to serious injury or death if the throttle pedal sticks during operation. Always check the pedal for free movement and return before starting the engine and occasion...

71 MAINTENANCE Brakes The front and rear brakes are hydraulic disc type brakes. Press down on the brake pedal to engage the brakes. See page 23. Brake Fluid Inspect the brake system routinely. Inspect the level of the brake fluid before each operation. WARNING! After opening a bottle of brake fluid,...

72 MAINTENANCE Steering Wheel Inspection Check the steering wheel for specified freeplay and smooth operation at the intervals outlined in the Periodic Maintenance Chart beginning on page 52. 1. Position the vehicle on a level surface. 2. Lightly turn the steering wheel left and right. 3. There shou...

73 MAINTENANCE Tires Operating your vehicle with worn tires, improperly inflated tires, non-standard tires or improperly installed tires will affect vehicle handling and could cause an accident resulting in serious injury or death. Always follow all tire maintenance procedures as outlined in this ma...

74 MAINTENANCE Tires Wheel Removal 1. Apply the brakes. 2. Place the transmission in PARK. 3. Stop the engine. 4. Loosen the wheel nuts slightly. 5. Elevate the side of the vehicle by placing a suitable stand under the frame. 6. Remove the wheel nuts and washers. Remove the wheel. Wheel Installation...

75 MAINTENANCE Lights Poor lighting can result in reduced visibility when driving. Headlight and taillight lenses become dirty during normal operation. Clean lights frequently and replace burned out lamps promptly. Do not operate this vehicle at night or in low light conditions until the headlight i...

76 MAINTENANCE Lights Headlight Lamp Replacement 1. Open the hood. CAUTION! Hot components can cause burns to skin. Allow lamps to cool before servicing. 2. Unplug the headlamp from the wiring harness. Be sure to pull on the connector, not on the wiring. 3. Turn the lamp counter-clockwise to remove ...

77 MAINTENANCE Battery Battery electrolyte is poisonous. It contains sulfuric acid. Serious burns can result from contact with skin, eyes or clothing. Antidote: External : Flush with water. Internal : Drink large quantities of water or milk. Follow with milk of magnesia, beaten egg, or vegetable oil...

78 MAINTENANCE Battery Battery Removal Improperly connecting or disconnecting battery cables can result in an explosion and cause serious injury or death. When removing the battery, always disconnect the negative (black) cable first. When reinstalling the battery, always connect the negative (black)...

79 MAINTENANCE Battery Battery Storage Whenever the vehicle is not used for a period of three months or more, remove the battery from the vehicle, ensure that it's fully charged, and store it out of the sun in a cool, dry place. Check battery voltage each month during storage and recharge as needed ...

80 MAINTENANCE Battery Battery Charging (Conventional Battery) 1. Remove the battery from the vehicle to prevent damage from leaking or spilled electrolyte during charging. See page 78. 2. Charge the battery with a charging output no larger than 1/10 of the battery’s amp/hr rating. Charge as needed ...

81 MAINTENANCE Cleaning and Storage Washing the Vehicle Keeping your POLARIS vehicle clean will not only improve its appearance but it can also extend the life of various components. NOTICE: High water pressure may damage components. POLARIS recommends washing the vehicle by hand or with a garden ho...

82 MAINTENANCE Cleaning and Storage Chrome Wheel Care (if equipped) Proper maintenance will protect chrome wheels from corrosion, preserve wheel life and ensure a “like new” appearance for many years. Chrome wheels exposed to road salt (or salt in the air in coastal areas) are more susceptible to co...

83 MAINTENANCE Cleaning and Storage Storage Tips Inspect and Lubricate Inspect all cables and lubricate all areas of the vehicle as recommended in the Periodic Maintenance Chart beginning on page 52. Battery Maintenance See pages 79-80 for storage and charging procedures. Fluid Levels Inspect the fl...

84 MAINTENANCE Removal from Storage 1. Check the battery electrolyte level and charge the battery if necessary. Install it in the vehicle. Make sure the battery vent hose is routed properly and that it's not pinched or restricted in any way. 2. Make sure the spark plug is tight. 3. Fill the fuel tan...

85 POLARIS PRODUCTS Part Number Description Engine Lubricant 2870791 Fogging Oil (12 oz./355 ml Aerosol) 2876244 PS-4 Full Synthetic 5W-50 4-Cycle Oil (qt./.95 l) 2876245 PS-4 Full Synthetic 5W-50 4-Cycle Oil (gal./3.8 l) Gearcase / Transmission Lubricants 2878068 AGL Full Synthetic Gearcase Lubrica...

86 SPECIFICATIONS RANGER 400 Maximum Weight Capacity (includes weight of operator, passenger, cargo, accessories) 1000 lbs. (454 kg) Dry Weight 1050 lbs. (476 kg) Test GVW - Rollover Protection System (ROPS) 2750 lbs. (1247 kg) per OSHA 29 CFR 1928.53 Fuel Capacity 8.8 gal. (33.3 l) Engine Oil Capac...

87 SPECIFICATIONS Clutching Chart Jetting Chart RANGER 400 Tire Size - Front 25 x 8 - 12 Tire Size - Rear 25 x 11 - 12 Tire Pressure - Front 10 psi (68.9 kPa) Tire Pressure - Rear 12 psi (82.7 kPa) Brakes, Front/Rear Foot Activated, 4 wheel hydraulic disc Hood Headlights 2 single beam, 50W, quartz/h...

88 TROUBLESHOOTING Drive Belt Wear/Burn Possible Cause Solution Driving onto a pickup or tall trailer in high range Use low range during loading. Starting out going up a steep incline Use low range. See warnings on page 35. Driving at low RPM or ground speed (3-7 MPH) Drive at a higher speed or use ...

89 TROUBLESHOOTING Engine Doesn't Turn Over Engine Turns Over, Fails to Start Engine Backfires Possible Cause Solution Low battery voltage Recharge the battery to 12.8 VDC Loose battery connections Check all connections and tighten Loose solenoid connections Check all connections and tighten Loose e...

90 TROUBLESHOOTING Engine Pings or Knocks Engine Runs Irregularly, Stalls or Misfires Possible Cause Solution Poor quality or low octane fuel Replace with recommended fuel Incorrect ignition timing See your dealer Incorrect spark plug gap or heat range Set gap to specs or replace plugs Possible Caus...

91 TROUBLESHOOTING Engine Stops or Loses Power Possible Cause Solution Out of fuel Refuel Kinked or plugged fuel vent line Inspect and replace Overuse of choke Inspect, clean and/or replace spark plug Water is present in fuel Replace with new fuel Fouled or defective spark plugs Inspect, clean and/o...

92 WARRANTY LIMITED WARRANTY POLARIS Sales Inc., 2100 Highway 55, Medina, MN 55340 (POLARIS) gives a SIX MONTH LIMITED WARRANTY on all components of your POLARIS vehicle against defects in material or workmanship. POLARIS further warrants that the spark arrestor in this product will meet the efficie...

93 WARRANTY LIMITATIONS OF WARRANTIES AND REMEDIES This warranty excludes damages or failures caused by abuse, accident, fire, or any other cause other than a defect in materials or workmanship and provides no coverage for consumable components, general wear items, or any parts exposed to friction s...

94 WARRANTY HOW TO OBTAIN WARRANTY SERVICE If your vehicle requires warranty service, you must take it to a POLARIS Servicing Dealer. When requesting warranty service you must present your copy of the Warranty Registration From to the dealer. (THE COST OF TRANSPORTATION TO AND FROM THE DEALER IS YOU...

95 WARRANTY EXPORTED PRODUCTS EXCEPT WHERE SPECIFICALLY REQUIRED BY LAW, THERE IS NO WARRANTY OR SERVICE BULLETIN COVERAGE ON THIS PRODUCT IF IT IS SOLD OUTSIDE THE COUNTRY OF THE SELLING DEALER’S AUTHORIZED LOCATION. This policy does not apply to products that have received authorization for export...

97 WARRANTY U.S.A. EPA Emissions Limited Warranty The exclusive remedy for breach of this limited warranty shall be, at the exclusive option of POLARIS, repair or replacement of any defective materials, components or products. THE REMEDIES SET FORTH IN THIS LIMITED WARRANTY ARE THE ONLY REMEDIES AVA...

98 MAINTENANCE LOG Use the following chart to record periodic maintenance. DATE MILES (KM) OR HOURS TECHNICIAN SERVICE PERFORMED / COMMENTS

101 INDEX A Accessory Outlet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Air Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67All Wheel Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41All Wheel Drive Lock Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Auxiliary ...