Page 2 - C o n t e n t s
B a s i c O p t i c s S y s t e m T a b l e o f C o n t e n t s C o n t e n t s Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 About the Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
Page 3 - B e g i n n i n g O p t i c s S y s t e m; I n t ro d u c t i o n
B e g i n n i n g O p t i c s S y s t e m O S - 8 4 59 ® 3 I n t ro d u c t i o n The PASCO Beginning Optics System contains the optics components you will need for a variety of experiments and demonstrations. This manual includes student instructions and teacher’s notes for 13 typical experiments. ...
Page 4 - A b o u t t h e E q u i p m e n t; Color Addition
® B e g i n n i n g O p t i c s S y s t e m A b o u t t h e E q u i p m e n t 4 A b o u t t h e E q u i p m e n t For detailed information on the Light Source and Ray Optics Kit, see the instruction sheets included with those components. Optics Bench Basic Optics components, such as mounted lenses a...
Page 5 - Optics Bench Experiments; These experiments use the Optics Bench, Mounted
® M o d e l N o . O S - 8 4 5 9 A b o u t t h e E x p e r i m e n t s 5 4. Snell’s Law (page 13): Determine the index of refraction of acrylic by measuring angles of incidence and refraction of a ray passing through the rhombus. 5. Total Internal Reflection (page 15): Determine the critical angle at...
Page 7 - E x p e r i m e n t 1 : C o l o r A d d i t i o n; E x p e r i m e n t 1 : C o l o r A dd i t i o n; Purpose; Is mixing colored light the same as mixing colored paint? Explain.
® M o d e l N o . O S - 8 4 5 9 E x p e r i m e n t 1 : C o l o r A d d i t i o n 7 E x p e r i m e n t 1 : C o l o r A dd i t i o n Purpose In Part 1 of this experiment, you will discover the results of mixing red, green, and blue light in different combinations. In Part 2, you will compare the app...
Page 8 - Part 2: Observing Colored Ink Under Colored Light; blue; Questions
® B e g i n n i n g O p t i c s S y s t e m E x p e r i m e n t 1 : C o l o r A d d i t i o n 8 Part 2: Observing Colored Ink Under Colored Light Procedure 1. While you look away, have your partner draw two lines—one red and one black—on a sheet of white paper. One of the lines should be labeled A, ...
Page 9 - E x p e r i m e n t 2 : P r i s m
® M o d e l N o . O S - 8 4 5 9 E x p e r i m e n t 2 : P r i s m 9 E x p e r i m e n t 2 : P r i s m Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to show how a prism separates white light into its component colors and to show that different colors are refracted at different angles through a prism. The...
Page 11 - E x p e r i m e n t 3 : R e f l e c t i o n
® M o d e l N o . O S - 8 4 5 9 E x p e r i m e n t 3 : R e f l e c t i o n 11 E x p e r i m e n t 3 : R e f l e c t i o n Purpose In this experiment, you will study how rays are reflected from different types of mir-rors. You will measure the focal length and determine the radius of curvature of a ...
Page 12 - heor; ) is the distance from the focal point to the cen-; roced; ure; ues; tions; What is the radius of curvature of a plane mirror?
® B e g i n n i n g O p t i c s S y s t e m E x p e r i m e n t 3 : R e f l e c t i o n 12 the incoming and the outgoing rays and mark them with arrows in the appropriate directions. Questions 1. What is the relationship between the angles of incidence and reflection? 2. Are the three colored rays r...
Page 13 - E x p e r i m e n t 4 : S n e l l ’ s L a w; E x p e r i m e n t 4 : S n e l l ’s L aw
® M o d e l N o . O S - 8 4 5 9 E x p e r i m e n t 4 : S n e l l ’ s L a w 13 E x p e r i m e n t 4 : S n e l l ’s L aw Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to determine the index of refraction of the acrylic rhombus. For rays entering the rhombus, you will measure the angles of incidence and ...
Page 14 - Analysis
® B e g i n n i n g O p t i c s S y s t e m E x p e r i m e n t 4 : S n e l l ’ s L a w 14 7. On a new sheet of paper, repeat steps 2–6 with a different angle of incidence. Repeat these steps again with a third angle of incidence. The first two columns of Table 4.1 should now be filled. Analysis 1. ...
Page 15 - E x p e r i m e n t 5 : T o t a l I n t e r n a l R e f l e c t i o n; E x p e r i m e n t 5 : To t a l I n t e r n a l R e f l e c t i o n; out
® M o d e l N o . O S - 8 4 5 9 E x p e r i m e n t 5 : T o t a l I n t e r n a l R e f l e c t i o n 15 E x p e r i m e n t 5 : To t a l I n t e r n a l R e f l e c t i o n Purpose In this experiment, you will determine the critical angle at which total internal reflec-tion occurs in the acrylic rh...
Page 16 - Procedure; Rotate; to greater than
® B e g i n n i n g O p t i c s S y s t e m E x p e r i m e n t 5 : T o t a l I n t e r n a l R e f l e c t i o n 16 Procedure 1. Place the light source in ray-box mode on a sheet of white paper. Turn the wheel to select a single ray. 2. Position the rhombus as shown in Figure 5.3, with the ray ente...
Page 17 - E x p e r i m e n t 6 : C o n v e x a n d C o n c a v e L e n s e s; E x p e r i m e n t 6 : C o nv ex a n d C o n c av e L e n s e s
® M o d e l N o . O S - 8 4 5 9 E x p e r i m e n t 6 : C o n v e x a n d C o n c a v e L e n s e s 17 E x p e r i m e n t 6 : C o nv ex a n d C o n c av e L e n s e s Purpose In this experiment, you will explore the difference between convex and concave lenses and determine their focal lengths. The...
Page 19 - E x p e r i m e n t 7 : H o l l o w L e n s; E x p e r i m e n t 7 : H o l l ow L e n s; conventional lens is made of a material whose index of refraction
® M o d e l N o . O S - 8 4 5 9 E x p e r i m e n t 7 : H o l l o w L e n s 19 E x p e r i m e n t 7 : H o l l ow L e n s Purpose In this experiment you will explore how the properties of a lens are related to its shape, its index of refraction, and the index of refraction of the surrounding medium....
Page 21 - E x p e r i m e n t 8 : L e n s m a k e r ’ s E q u a t i o n; E x p e r i m e n t 8 : L e n s m a k e r ’s E q u a t i o n
® M o d e l N o . O S - 8 4 5 9 E x p e r i m e n t 8 : L e n s m a k e r ’ s E q u a t i o n 21 E x p e r i m e n t 8 : L e n s m a k e r ’s E q u a t i o n Purpose In this experiment you will determine the focal length of a concave lens in two ways: a) by direct measurement using ray tracing and b...
Page 23 - E x p e r i m e n t 9 : A p p a r e n t D e p t h; face of the block is less than the actual thickness,; Part 1: Parallax Method; parallax
® M o d e l N o . O S - 8 4 5 9 E x p e r i m e n t 9 : A p p a r e n t D e p t h 23 E x p e r i m e n t 9 : A p p a r e n t D e p t h Purpose In this experiment, you will use two different methods to measure the apparent depth of the acrylic rhombus. You will also determine the index of refraction ...
Page 24 - Measure the distance from the
® B e g i n n i n g O p t i c s S y s t e m E x p e r i m e n t 9 : A p p a r e n t D e p t h 24 Figure 9.2 2. With both eyes, look down through the top of the rhombus. Does the line viewed through the rhombus appear to be closer? Close or cover one eye, and move your head side to side. Do you see p...
Page 25 - Measure the apparent depth,; Of the two methods that you used to determine; t d
® M o d e l N o . O S - 8 4 5 9 E x p e r i m e n t 9 : A p p a r e n t D e p t h 25 2. Mark the place on the paper where the two rays cross each other. 3. Position the rhombus as shown in Figure 9.4. The “bottom” surface of the rhombus must be exactly at the point where the two rays cross. The cros...
Page 27 - E x p e r i m e n t 1 0 : F o c a l L e n g t h a n d M a g n i f i c a t i o n o f a T h i n L e n s; Part I: Object at Infinity; distant
® M o d e l N o . O S - 8 4 5 9 E x p e r i m e n t 1 0 : F o c a l L e n g t h a n d M a g n i f i c a t i o n o f a T h i n L e n s 27 E x p e r i m e n t 1 0 : F o c a l L e n g t h a n d M ag n i f i c a t i o n o f a T h i n L e n s Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to determine the foc...
Page 28 - Part II: Object Closer Than Infinity; two; Analysis Part A: Focal Length
® B e g i n n i n g O p t i c s S y s t e m E x p e r i m e n t 1 0 : F o c a l L e n g t h a n d M a g n i f i c a t i o n o f a T h i n L e n s 28 2. Use the Thin Lens Formula (Equation 10.1) to calculate the focal length. f = _______________ Part II: Object Closer Than Infinity In this part, you ...
Page 29 - Analysis Part B: Magnification
® M o d e l N o . O S - 8 4 5 9 E x p e r i m e n t 1 0 : F o c a l L e n g t h a n d M a g n i f i c a t i o n o f a T h i n L e n s 29 3. For each intercept, calculate a value of f and record it in Table 10.2. 4. Find the percent difference between these two values of f and record them in Table 10...
Page 30 - QUESTIONS
® B e g i n n i n g O p t i c s S y s t e m E x p e r i m e n t 1 0 : F o c a l L e n g t h a n d M a g n i f i c a t i o n o f a T h i n L e n s 30 2. Calculate the absolute value of M (for each of the two lens positions) using your measurements of the image size and object size. Record the results...
Page 31 - E x p e r i m e n t 1 1 : T e l e s c o p e; E x p e r i m e n t 1 1 : Te l e s c o p e
® M o d e l N o . O S - 8 4 5 9 E x p e r i m e n t 1 1 : T e l e s c o p e 31 E x p e r i m e n t 1 1 : Te l e s c o p e Purpose In this experiment, you will construct a telescope and determine its magnification. Theory Figure 11.1 An astronomical telescope consists of two convex lenses. The astron...
Page 32 - Record the positions of the lenses and screen in Table 11.1.
® B e g i n n i n g O p t i c s S y s t e m E x p e r i m e n t 1 1 : T e l e s c o p e 32 end of the optics bench and place the screen on the other end (see Figure 11.2). Their exact positions do not matter yet. Figure 11.2 Procedure 1. Put your eye close to the eyepiece lens and look through both ...
Page 33 - Image Formed by the Objective Lens
® M o d e l N o . O S - 8 4 5 9 E x p e r i m e n t 1 1 : T e l e s c o p e 33 1. Measure d o1 , the distance from the object (paper pat- tern on screen) to the objective lens. 2. Determine d i2 , the distance from the eyepiece lens to the image. Since the image is in the plane of the object, this i...
Page 35 - E x p e r i m e n t 1 2 : M i c r o s c o p e; E x p e r i m e n t 1 2 : M i c ro s c o p e
® M o d e l N o . O S - 8 4 5 9 E x p e r i m e n t 1 2 : M i c r o s c o p e 35 E x p e r i m e n t 1 2 : M i c ro s c o p e Purpose In this experiment, you will construct a microscope and determine its magnification. Theory Figure 12.1 A microscope magnifies an object that is close to the objectiv...
Page 36 - Record the positions of the lenses and the object in Table 12.1.
® B e g i n n i n g O p t i c s S y s t e m E x p e r i m e n t 1 2 : M i c r o s c o p e 36 middle of the optics bench and place the screen near the end of the bench (see Figure 12.2). Figure 12.2 Procedure 1. Put your eye close to the eyepiece lens and look through both lenses at the grid pattern ...
Page 39 - E x p e r i m e n t 1 3 : S h a d o w s; E x p e r i m e n t 1 3 : S h a d ow s; Place the two optics benches beside each other.; Plug in only one of the light sources.
® M o d e l N o . O S - 8 4 5 9 E x p e r i m e n t 1 3 : S h a d o w s 39 E x p e r i m e n t 1 3 : S h a d ow s Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to show the umbra (darker part) and the penumbra (lighter part) of the shadow. Set Up 1. Place the two optics benches beside each other. 2. Put ...
Page 41 - T e l e s c o p e a n d M i c r o s c o p e T e s t P a t t e r n; Te l e s c o p e a n d M i c ro s c o p e Te s t Pa t t e r n
® M o d e l N o . O S - 8 4 5 9 T e l e s c o p e a n d M i c r o s c o p e T e s t P a t t e r n 41 Te l e s c o p e a n d M i c ro s c o p e Te s t Pa t t e r n Attach a copy of this pattern to the viewing screen for experiments 11 and 12. 1 cm grid
Page 43 - T e a c h e r ’ s G u i d e; Te a ch e r ’s G u i d e; Experiment 1: Color Addition; not
® M o d e l N o . O S - 8 4 5 9 T e a c h e r ’ s G u i d e 43 Te a ch e r ’s G u i d e Experiment 1: Color Addition Note on procedure: Student’s expectation may differ from actual results. Encourage them to carefully observe the resulting colors and describe them accurately. Part 1, typical results...
Page 44 - Experiment 3: Reflection; Experiment 4: Snell’s Law; Answers to questions:
® B e g i n n i n g O p t i c s S y s t e m T e a c h e r ’ s G u i d e 44 Experiment 3: Reflection Part 1, typical results: Part 1, answers to questions: 1. The angle of incidence and the angle of reflection are equal. 2. The three colored rays are not reversed by the mirror. Part 2, typical result...
Page 45 - Experiment 6: Convex and Concave Lenses; Experiment 8: Lensmaker’s Equation
® M o d e l N o . O S - 8 4 5 9 T e a c h e r ’ s G u i d e 45 Experiment 6: Convex and Concave Lenses Typical results: (Step 5) When the lenses are nested together, parallel rays entering the lenses emerge nearly parallel; this tells us that the focal lengths are of approximately equal magnitude an...
Page 46 - Experiment 9: Apparent Depth; Experiment 10: Focal Length and Magnification of a Thin Lens
® B e g i n n i n g O p t i c s S y s t e m T e a c h e r ’ s G u i d e 46 Experiment 9: Apparent Depth Typical results: Typical ray-tracing results are represented at 50% scale in Figure TG.1. The gray regions represent the actual light beams; the black lines and dots represent the student’s actual...
Page 47 - The image if inverted.
® M o d e l N o . O S - 8 4 5 9 T e a c h e r ’ s G u i d e 47 Part 2: Typical results. y-intercept = 1/ f = 0.0977 cm -1 x-intercept = 1/ f = 0.103 cm -1 Answers to questions: 1. The image if inverted. 2. The image is real because it can be viewed on a screen. 3. For a given object-to-image distanc...
Page 48 - Experiment 11: Telescope; Experiment 12: Microscope
® B e g i n n i n g O p t i c s S y s t e m T e a c h e r ’ s G u i d e 48 Experiment 11: Telescope Typical results: Answers to questions: 1. The image is inverted. 2. It is a virtual image. Further study, Image Formed by the Objective Lens: The objective lens forms a real, upright image; to see it,...
Page 49 - Experiment 13: Shadows
® M o d e l N o . O S - 8 4 5 9 T e a c h e r ’ s G u i d e 49 tual image, viewed through the eyepiece lens, coincides with the virtual image of the grid pattern viewed through both lenses. Further study, Increasing Magnification: As the objective lens is moved closer to the object, the eye- piece m...
Page 51 - T e c h n i c a l S u p p o r t; Te ch n i c a l S u p p o r t; For assistance with any PASCO product, contact PASCO at:
® M o d e l N o . O S - 8 4 5 9 T e c h n i c a l S u p p o r t 51 Te ch n i c a l S u p p o r t For assistance with any PASCO product, contact PASCO at: Limited WarrantyFor a description of the product warranty, see the PASCO catalog. CopyrightThe PASCO scientific 012-09655A Beginning Optics System...
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