Page 2 - Before Using this Manual:; LevelOne GSW-2600TXM should be treated as an intelligent switch.; Table Of Contents
2 Before Using this Manual: This manual is suitable for the user of the management or intelligent switch. There are some shadow parts remarking in this manual, meaning only the display of the intelligent switch. Note: Intelligent switch can work in Layer 2 mode or Multilayer mode, but Management swi...
Page 9 - Switch Management
9 1. Switch Management 1.1.Configuration Options For advanced management capability, the onboard management agent provides a menu-driven system configuration program. This program can be accessed by a direct or modem connection to the serial port on the rear panel (out-of-band), or by a Telnet conne...
Page 12 - Console Interface; Intelligent Switch
12 2. Console Interface 2.1.Log-in Screen Once a direct connection to the serial port or a Telnet connection is established, the log-in screen for the onboard configuration program appears as shown below. Intelligent Switch 1 V1.00 10-19-2001 (c) Copyright communications Corp. User Name: Password : ...
Page 14 - Menu Description; System Information Menu
14 2.2.Main Menu With the system configuration program you can define system parameters, manage and control the switch and all its ports, or monitor network conditions. The screen below of the Main Menu and the table following it briefly describe the selections available from this program. Note: Opt...
Page 16 - System Information
16 3. Only displayed in intelligent switch. 2.3.System Information Menu Use the System Information Menu to display a basic description of the switch, including contact information, and hardware / firmware versions. System Information Menu ======================= System Information ... Switch Informa...
Page 17 - Parameter Description; Internal Power Status : Active; Parameter
17 Parameter Description System Description System hardware description. System Object ID MIB II object identifier for switch’s network management subsystem. System Up Time Length of time the current management agent has been running. (Note that the first value is in centiseconds.) System Name* Name...
Page 18 - Configuration File; User Configuration
18 console to ensure a reliable connection (Serial Port Configuration). Specify the IP addresses for the switch (Network Configuration / IP Configuration), and then set the Administrator and User passwords (User Configuration). Remember to record them in a safe place. Also set the community string w...
Page 19 - Network Configuration; Screen used to enable the Web agent.
19 Network Configuration ===================== IP Configuration ... IP Connectivity Test (Ping) ... HTTP Configuration ... <OK> Display or change the IP configuration. Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select. Parameter Description IP Configuration* Screen used to set the...
Page 21 - IP Address
21 from a specified VLAN. If you select “Mgmt VLAN,” then select Apply to display the VLAN ID field, select the required VLAN, and then select Apply or OK to save your changes. 2.4.1.2.IP Connectivity Test (Ping) Use the IP Connectivity Test to see if another site on the Internet can be reached. The...
Page 22 - Parameter Default Description
22 Network Configuration: HTTP Configuration ===================== HTTP Server : ENABLED <Apply> <OK> <Cancel> Administrative status of the HTTP server. | READ/SELECT Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move, <Space> to scroll options. Note: Port 80 is used for HTTP service. 2.4...
Page 26 - User Name :
26 User Configuration ================== User Name Access Right Console Telnet HTTP guest GUEST DISABLED DISABLED ENABLED admin ADMIN ENABLED ENABLED ENABLED <Add> <OK> Return to previous panel. Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select. Parameter Description User Na...
Page 28 - Specify the IP address of the TFTP client, and select “Download from
28 2.4.6.Saving or Restoring the System Configuration Use the Configuration File menu to save the switch configuration settings to a file on a TFTP client. The file can be later downloaded to the switch to restore the switch’s settings. The success of the operation depends on the accessibility of th...
Page 29 - IGMP Snooping Configuration ...
29 2.5.Device Control Menu The Device Control menu is used to control a broad range of functions, including port mode, port mirroring, port trunking, Spanning Tree, Virtual LANs, IP subnets, multicast filtering, and routing protocols. Each of the setup screens provided by these configuration menus i...
Page 30 - Parameter Description; Layer 2
30 includes IGMP Snooping Configuration.) 3. Only displayed in intelligent switch. 2.5.1.Setting the System Operation Mode This switch can be set to operate as a Layer 2 switch, making all filtering and forwarding decisions based strictly on MAC addresses. Or, it can be set to operate as a multilaye...
Page 32 - Port Type
32 Layer 2 Menu: Port Configuration (Port 1-12) ============ Port Link Admin Auto Default Current Flow Jack Status Status Negotiate Type Type Control Type ----------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- 1 Off ENABLED ENABLED 10HDX 10HDX Off RJ-45 2 Off ENABLED ENABLED 10...
Page 40 - Parameter Default Description; Enabled Enable this parameter to participate in a STA compliant
40 Bridge Menu: Bridge Configuration =========== Spanning Tree : ENABLED GMRP : DISABLED Bridge Priority : 32768 GVRP : DISABLED Hello Time (in seconds) : 2 Priority Threshold : 4 Forward Delay (in seconds) : 15 Aging Time (in seconds) : 300 Max age (in seconds) : 20 <Apply> <OK> <Can...
Page 42 - Type
42 Spanning Tree Port Configuration (Port 1-12) ================================ Port Type Priority Cost FastForwarding ------------------------------------------------------- 1 100TX 128 19 DISABLED 2 100TX 128 19 DISABLED 3 100TX 128 19 DISABLED 4 100TX 128 19 DISABLED 5 100TX 128 19 DISABLED 6 10...
Page 44 - GARP
44 VLAN Menu: VLAN Port Configuration ========= GARP Configuration Join Time 20 Centiseconds Leave Time 60 Centiseconds Leave All Time 1000 Centiseconds VLAN and Priority Port VID 1 Port Default Priority 0 VLAN Tagging Rx All, Tx All GVRP ENABLED GMRP ENABLED Ingress Filtering DISABLED Port 1 <Ap...
Page 46 - VLAN
46 GMRP Enabled Enables or disables GMRP for this port. When enabled, this port will allow endstations to register with multicast groups using GMRP. Note that GMRP must be enabled for the switch before this setting can take effect (chapter 2 “Configuring Global Bridge Settings”). IGMP and IGMP Snoop...
Page 48 - Disabled If enabled, the switch can serve as the “querier,” which is
48 IGMP Snooping Configuration =========================== IGMP Snooping Status : DISABLED IGMP Router Timeout (Minutes) : 5 IGMP Group Timeout (Minutes) : 5 Act as IGMP Querier : DISABLED <Apply> <OK> <Cancel> To enable or disable IGMP snooping on your system. | READ/SELECT Use &l...
Page 49 - Used to map an IP address to a specific physical MAC address.
49 routes, and the default IP route. IP Menu ======= Subnet Configuration ... Protocol Configuration ... Static ARP Configuration ... Static Route ... Default Route ... <OK> Display and change the subnet configuration. Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select. Parameter D...
Page 50 - Adding an IP Interface
50 IP Subnet Configuration ======================= Intf. IP Address Subnet Mask VLAN RIP OSPF DVMRP Status 1 192.168.1.254 255.255.255.0 1 DISABLED DISABLED DISABLED ON Page 1 <Apply> Total 1 Pages <OK> <Prev Page> <Next Page> <Add> The page number. | READ/WRITE Use <...
Page 51 - Configuring Port Groups
51 Group Configuration screen and create or modify a VLAN group (chapter 2 “ Configuring Port Groups” ). To configure the unicast or multicast routing protocols, select the IP address for a specific interface from the Subnet Configuration menu (chapter 2 “Subnet Configuration”), and then select “Adv...
Page 55 - Parameter Default Description; Area ID1
55 Configuring OSPF Open Shortest Path First is more suited for large area networks which experience frequent changes in the links. It also allows for subnets. This protocol actively tests the status of each link to its neighbors to generate a shortest path tree, and builds a routing table based on ...
Page 56 - Configuring DVMRP
56 Interface Cost 100 This value is used by the router in calculating the shortest path. The default cost is calculated by using the bandwidth of the interface. For this purpose, the bandwidth is taken as that of the highest bandwidth port in the VLAN linked to the interface. The interface cost is i...
Page 57 - Metrics
57 Subnet Configuration: Modify DVMRP Configuration ==================== Metrics: : 1 Probe Interval (in seconds) : 10 Neighbor Timeout (in seconds): 35 <Apply> <OK> <Cancel> Metrics. | READ/WRITE Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move, other keys to make changes. Parameter Default ...
Page 58 - ARP
58 Protocol Configuration ====================== ARP : Advanced ... Proxy ARP : ENABLED RIP : ENABLED Advanced ... OSPF : DISABLED Advanced ... DHCP Relay : DISABLED Advanced ... IGMP Snooping : DISABLED Advanced ... DVMRP : ENABLED <Apply> <OK> <Cancel> System ARP protocol advance...
Page 59 - Setting the RIP Advertisement Policy
59 IP interface ”). Setting the ARP Timeout You can use the following configuration screen to modify the aging time for dynamically learned entries in the ARP cache. ARP Configuration ================= ARP Timeout (Minutes) : 20 <Apply> <OK> <Cancel> ARP timeout value (minutes). | ...
Page 61 - Router Id; Area ID
61 Parameter Description Router Id The switch IP that is used as the OSPF Router ID. Area ID Configuration Defines an area within which all OSPF routers actively exchange routing information to ensure that they all have an identical link state database. OSPF Area Range Configuration Defines a range ...
Page 63 - OSPF Area Range Configuration; OSPF Virtual Link Configuration
63 OSPF Area Range Configuration ============================= Area Identity IP Address Address Mask Advertisement 192.168.2.0 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 Advertise 192.168.4.0 192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0 Advertise Page 1 <Apply> Total 1 Pages <OK> <Prev Page> <Next Page> <Add...
Page 65 - Router ID
65 Parameter Default Description Area ID An identifier for the transit area the virtual link crosses. Neighbor Router ID The IP address of the OSPF router on this end of the virtual link. Transit Delay 1 second The estimated number of seconds it takes to transmit a link state update packet over this...
Page 66 - OSPF Host Route Configuration; Configuring BOOTP / DHCP Relay
66 OSPF Host Route Configuration ============================= IP Address Cost Area ID Page 1 <Apply> Total 0 Pages <OK> <Prev Page> <Next Page> <Add> The page number. |READ/WRITE Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move, other keys to make changes. Parameter Description I...
Page 67 - Bootp Relay Database Configuration; IGMP Snooping Configuration
67 Bootp Relay Database Configuration ================================= Index Server Address 1 10.1.2.3 <OK> <Add> Return to previous panel. Use <Enter> to select. Parameter Description Index Server Address Used to define any preferred DHCP servers or the outbound subnetwork for re...
Page 75 - Statistics Menu; Port Statistics
75 Statistics Menu =============== Port Statistics ... RMON Statistics ... <OK> Display port statistics. Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select. Parameter Description Port Statistics Displays standard statistics on network traffic passing through the selected port. RMON...
Page 76 - Interfaces Group
76 Port Statistics =============== Interfaces In Octets : 0 Out Octets : 0 In Unicast Pkts : 0 Out Unicast Pkts : 0 In Non-Unicast Pkts : 0 Out Non-Unicast Pkts : 0 In Discards : 0 Out Discards : 0 In Errors : 0 Out Errors : 0 Alignment Errors : 0 CRC Errors : 0 Ethernet Single Collisions : 0 Multip...
Page 80 - Layer 2 Address Table; Address Port Address Port; Address
80 Layer 2 Address Table ===================== Unicast Address Table ... <OK> Display the unicast address table. Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select. Menu Description Unicast Address Table Provides a full listing for unicast addresses. 2.6.2.1.Displaying the Unicast ...
Page 81 - Spanning Tree Bridge Information ...; Displays a full list of STA values used for the bridge.
81 2.6.3.Displaying Bridge Information The Bridge menu is used to display settings for the Spanning Tree Algorithm. For a more detailed description of how to use this algorithm, refer to “Spanning Tree Algorithm” on chapter 4. Bridge Menu =========== Spanning Tree Bridge Information ... Spanning Tre...
Page 82 - Bridge Menu: Spanning Tree Bridge Information
82 Bridge Menu: Spanning Tree Bridge Information =========== Priority : 32768 Hello Time (in seconds) : 2 Max Age (in seconds) : 20 Forward Delay (in seconds) : 15 Hold Time (in seconds) : 1 Designated Root : 32768.00E800340000 Root Cost : 0 Root Port : 0 Configuration Changes : 0 Topology Up Time :...
Page 85 - Shows the ports that have been automatically learned via GVRP.
85 VLAN Information ================ VLAN Dynamic Registration Information ... VLAN Forwarding Information ... <OK> Display VLAN dynamic registration information. Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select. Menu Description VLAN Dynamic Registration Information Shows the po...
Page 86 - VLAN Forwarding Information
86 2.6.4.2.VLAN Forwarding Information Shows all the ports that have been configured by either dynamic or static means to forward VLAN traffic. VLAN Forwarding Information =========================== Port 1 2 VLAN 12345678901234567890123456 1 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS S: Static D: Dynamic Page : 1 &l...
Page 88 - Menu; ARP Table
88 IP Address Table ================ Subnet Information ... ARP Table ... Routing Table ... Multicast Table ... OSPF Table ... <OK> Display and change the static route table. Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select. Menu Description Subnet Information Displays all the IP...
Page 91 - Routing Table
91 Routing Table ============= Destination Network Destination Mask VLAN Next Hop Type Protocol 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 1 192.168.2.10 Direct Local Page 1 <Apply> Total 0 Pages <OK> <Prev Page> <Next Page> <Flush RIP> Return to previous panel. Use <TAB> or arrow...
Page 93 - IGMP Cache
93 Multicast Table Menu ==================== IP Multicast Registration Table ... IGMP Cache ... Multicast Forwarding Cache Table ... DVMRP Routing Table ... DVMRP Neighbor Table ... <OK> Display IP Multicast registration table. Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select. Pa...
Page 94 - Displaying the Multicast Forwarding Cache
94 IGMP Cache ========== Group Address Intf Reporter Up Time Expire V1 Timer Page 1 <Apply> Total 0 Pages <OK> <Prev Page> <Next Page> The page number. | READ/WRITE Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move, other keys to make changes. Parameter Description Group Address An IP mu...
Page 95 - Displaying the DVMRP Routing Table
95 each known multicast group address. Multicast Forwarding Cache ========================== Group Address Source Address Mask Upstream Nbr Protocol Up Time Page 1 <Apply> Total 0 Pages <OK> <Prev Page> <Next Page> The page number. | READ/WRITE Use <TAB> or arrow keys t...
Page 96 - Displaying the DVMRP Neighbor Table
96 DVMRP Routing Table =================== Source Address Mask Upstream Nbr Interface Metric Up Time Page 1 <Apply> Total 0 Pages <OK> <Prev Page> <Next Page> The page number. | READ/WRITE Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move, other keys to make changes. Parameter Descriptio...
Page 97 - DVMRP Neighbor Table
97 DVMRP Neighbor Table ==================== Interface Neighbor Address UpTime ExpireTime Ver RcvRoute Page 1 <Apply> Total 0 Pages <OK> <Prev Page> <Next Page> The page number. | READ/WRITE Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move, other keys to make changes. Parameter Descript...
Page 98 - OSPF Table Menu; Displaying the Interface Table
98 OSPF Table Menu =============== Interface Table ... Link State Table ... Neighbor Table ... Virtual Neighbor Table ... <OK> Display interface database. Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select. Parameter Description Interface Table Link State Table Displays a summary o...
Page 99 - Configuring OSPF
99 Rtr ID Router ID for this router. Designated Rtr The IP of the designated router. The designated router advertises the link state of the OSPF area. Backup DR The backup designated router. If the designated router fails, the backup designated router takes its place. Status This interface’s status ...
Page 100 - Displaying the Neighbor Table
100 Type The link state advertisement type: RtrLSA: Router LSA – All area routers advertise the state of links from the router itself to the its local area. NetLSA: Network LSA – The designated router for each Area advertises the link state for each transit area; i.e., an area with more than one att...
Page 101 - OSPF Neighbor Table
101 OSPF Neighbor Table =================== IP Address ID Router ID Option Priority State Events Page 1 <Apply> Total 0 Pages <OK> <Prev Page> <Next Page> The page number. | READ/WRITE Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move, other keys to make changes. Parameter Description IP...
Page 105 - Reload Factory Defaults
105 System Restart Menu =================== Restart Option : Reload Factory Defaults : NO <Restart> <Cancel> Restart system with the factory default settings. |EAD/SELECT Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move, <Space> to scroll options. Parameter Description Reload Factory Defaults...
Page 108 - Navigating the Web Browser Interface
108 3.2.Navigating the Web Browser Interface To access the Web-browser interface you must first enter a user name and password. The administrator has Read / Write access to all configuration parameters and statistics. The default user name for the administrator is “admin,” with no password. 3.2.1.Ho...
Page 113 - System Restart Menu
113 System Restart Menu Restart Option Restarts the system with options to restore factory defaults. 1. Only displays if the intelligent switch is set to Layer 2 mode or the switch is management model. 2. Only displays when intelligent switch is set to multilayer mode. (Note that this menu includes ...
Page 116 - IP State; maximum string length is 20 characters.)
116 IP State Specifies whether IP functionality is enabled via manual configuration, or set by Boot Protocol (BOOTP). Options include: User Configuration – IP functionality is enabled based on the default or user specified IP Configuration. (This is the default setting.) BOOTP Get IP – IP is enabled...
Page 117 - Status; Displaying the Current User Configuration
117 Status Displays the administrative status of entry. An entry can only be to enabled or disabled via the console interface. 3.5.2.2.Configuring IP Trap Managers The following figure and table describe how to specify management stations that will receive authentication failure messages or other tr...
Page 124 - The port whose transmitted traffic will be mirrored.
124 Parameter Description Enable Port Mirror Enables or disables the mirror function. TX Mirrored Port The port whose transmitted traffic will be mirrored. TX Monitored Port The port that will duplicate the transmitted traffic appearing on the mirrored port. RX Mirrored Port The port whose received ...
Page 125 - communication mode and VLAN assignments.; Trunk List
125 a port trunk, remember that: • Ports can only be assigned to one trunk. • The ports at both ends of a connection must be configured as trunk ports. • The ports at both ends of a trunk must be configured in an identical manner, including communication mode and VLAN assignments. • All the ports in...
Page 126 - MAC Address
126 To add a trunk, highlight a port group in the New Setting list and press Add. To delete a trunk, highlight a port group in the Trunk List and press Delete. Before disconnecting a port trunk, take the following steps: • Before removing a port trunk via the configuration menu, you must disable all...
Page 130 - The following figure and table describe port STA configuration.
130 * You can use “VLAN Port Configuration” on chapter 3 to configure the default priority for each port. 3.6.3.2.Configuring STA for Ports The following figure and table describe port STA configuration. Parameter Default Description Type Shows port type as: 100BASE-TX : 10BASE-T / 100BASE-TX 100BAS...
Page 132 - Join Time
132 Parameter Default Description GARP Configuration¹ Group Address Registration Protocol is used by GVRP and GMRP to register or deregister client attributes for client services within a bridged LAN. Join Time 20 The interval (centiseconds) between transmitting requests / queries to participate in ...
Page 134 - Norma
134 VLAN crosses the switches). However, to participate in a VLAN group that extends beyond this switch, we recommend using the VLAN ID for that group (using VLAN tagging for Layer 2 mode, or a common PVID for multilayer mode). When operating the switch in Layer 2 mode, ports assigned to a large VLA...
Page 136 - IP Subnet Configuration Specifies the IP interface for VLANs
136 Act as IGMP Querier² Disabled If enabled, the switch can serve as the “querier,” which is responsible for asking hosts if they want to receive multicast traffic. 1. This item is only displayed for Layer 2 mode. For multilayer mode, the full IGMP protocol set is automatically enabled / disabled a...
Page 143 - Configures the route to a specific host within the area.
143 Static Route Advertisement Disabled Enables or disables advertisement of static routes. Configuring Global Settings for OSPF To implement OSPF for a large network, you must first organize the network into logical areas to limit the number of OSPF routers that actively exchange Link State Adverti...
Page 145 - Area Identity
145 VLSMs allows you to configure each subnetwork within a larger network with its own subnet mask. This provides a longer subnet mask that covers fewer host IP addresses, thereby reducing the size of the routing tables that have to be exchanged. (For more information on VSLMs, see RFCs 1219 and 187...
Page 146 - OSPF Host route Configuration
146 common backbone. To configure a virtual link, specify the transit area through which the endpoint routers connect, and the address of the router on this side of the link. Parameter Description Area ID An identifier for the transit area the virtual link crosses. Neighbor Router ID The IP address ...
Page 150 - Configuring RIP
150 and press Add. To delete a static route, click on the edit icon ( ) for the required entry, and then press Delete. 3.6.6.5.Configuring the Default Route Defines the router to which this switch will forward all traffic for unknown networks. The default route can be learned from RIP protocol (chap...
Page 157 - Priority
157 3.7.3.Displaying Bridge Information The Bridge menu is used to display settings for the Spanning Tree Algorithm. For a more detailed description of how to use this algorithm, refer to “Spanning Tree Algorithm” on chapter 4. Menu Description Spanning Tree Bridge Information Displays a full list o...
Page 163 - Displaying IGMP Cache
163 3.7.6.4.Multicast Table You can use this menu to display all the multicast groups currently active on this switch, the IGMP cache, the multicast forwarding cache, and DVMRP routing information. Parameter Description IP Multicast Registration Table Displays all active multicast groups, including ...
Page 166 - Displaying the Link State Table
166 Parameter Description IP Address The IP address of this OSPF interface. Router ID Router ID for this router. Designated Router The IP of the designated router. The designated router advertises the link state of the OSPF Area. Backup DR The backup designated router. If the designated router fails...
Page 178 - when a connection is set up by an application outside the switch.
178 arrive. Router Discovery messages do not constitute a routing protocol; they merely enable hosts to discover the existence of neighboring routers, but not which router provides a route to a particular destination. If a host chooses a poor first-hop router for a particular destination, it should ...
Page 183 - and GVRP protocol
183 routing. An IEEE 802.1Q VLAN is a group of ports that can be located anywhere in the network, but communicate as though they belong to the same physical segment. VLANs help to simplify network management by allowing you to move devices to a new VLAN without having to change any physical connecti...
Page 189 - in the switch configuration for the receiving IP subnet.
189 broadcasts a DHCP Request packet, looking for DHCP servers. DHCP servers respond to this packet with a DHCP Response packet. The client then chooses a server to obtain TCP / IP configuration information, such as its own IP address. Since DHCP uses a broadcast mechanism, a DHCP server and its cli...
Page 191 - required for basic remote monitoring. These groups include:
191 required for basic remote monitoring. These groups include: Statistics: Includes all the tools needed to monitor your network for common errors and overall traffic rates. Information is provided on bandwidth utilization, peak utilization, packet types, errors and collisions, as well as the distr...
Page 192 - Upgrading Firmware via the Serial Port
192 5. Appendix A: Troubleshooting 5.1.Troubleshooting Chart Troubleshooting Chart Symptom Action Cannot connect using Telnet, Web browser, or SNMP software • Be sure you have configured the agent with a valid IP address, subnet mask and default gateway (Layer 2). • Check that you have a valid netwo...
Page 193 - Please input the Baud Rate as following :
193 POST Version V2.57 9/11/2001 ------ Power-On Self Test (POST)------ Int. Loopback Testing SCC2 UART Channel ... PASS Testing the System SDRAM .................. PASS Int. Loopback Testing ____ UART Channel ... PASS Int. Loopback Testing ____ UART Channel ... PASS CPU Self Test .....................
Page 197 - See Generic Attribute Registration Protocol
197 7. Glossary 7.1.1.Bandwidth Utilization The historical percentage of packets received as compared to total bandwidth. 7.1.2.BOOTP Boot protocol used to load the operating system or configuration settings for devices connected to the network. 7.1.3.Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMR...
Page 198 - Defines frame extensions for VLAN tagging.
198 pair of ICMP messages on multicast links. It eliminates the need to configure router addresses manually, and is independent of any specific routing protocol. 7.1.9.Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Commonly used to send echo messages (i.e., Ping) for monitoring purposes. 7.1.10.IEEE 802.1...
