IBM SPSS COMPLEX SAMPLES 19 - Manual

Contents Part I: User’s Guide 1 Introduction to Complex Samples Procedures 1 Properties of Complex Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Usage of Complex Samples Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

Parameter Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Odds Ratios . . . . . . . . ....

Chapter 1 Introduction to Complex SamplesProcedures An inherent assumption of analytical procedures in traditional software packages is that theobservations in a data fi le represent a simple random sample from the population of interest. This assumption is untenable for an increasing number of comp...

2 Chapter 1 Unequal selection probabilities. When sampling clusters that contain unequal numbers of units, you can use probability-proportional-to-size (PPS) sampling to make a cluster’s selectionprobability equal to the proportion of units it contains. PPS sampling can also use more generalweightin...

3 Introduction to Complex Samples Procedures „ An analyst who doesn’t have access to the sampling plan fi le can specify an analysis plan and refer to that plan from each Complex Samples analysis procedure. „ A designer of large-scale public use samples can publish the sampling plan fi le, which sim...

Chapter 2 Sampling from a Complex Design Figure 2-1 Sampling Wizard, Welcome step The Sampling Wizard guides you through the steps for creating, modifying, or executing asampling plan fi le. Before using the Wizard, you should have a well-de fi ned target population, a list of sampling units, and an...

6 Chapter 2 Sampling Wizard: Design Variables Figure 2-2 Sampling Wizard, Design Variables step This step allows you to select strati fi cation and clustering variables and to de fi ne input sample weights. You can also specify a label for the stage. Stratify By. The cross-classi fi cation of strati...

7 Sampling from a Complex Design Input Sample Weight. If the current sample design is part of a larger sample design, you may have sample weights from a previous stage of the larger design. You can specify a numeric variablecontaining these weights in the fi rst stage of the current design. Sample w...

8 Chapter 2 Sampling Wizard: Sampling Method Figure 2-3 Sampling Wizard, Sampling Method step This step allows you to specify how to select cases from the active dataset. Method. Controls in this group are used to choose a selection method. Some sampling types allow you to choose whether to sample w...

9 Sampling from a Complex Design „ PPS Systematic. This is a fi rst-stage method that systematically selects units with probability proportional to size. They are selected without replacement. „ PPS Sequential. This is a fi rst-stage method that sequentially selects units with probability proportion...

10 Chapter 2 Sampling Wizard: Sample Size Figure 2-4 Sampling Wizard, Sample Size step This step allows you to specify the number or proportion of units to sample within the currentstage. The sample size can be fi xed or it can vary across strata. For the purpose of specifying sample size, clusters ...

11 Sampling from a Complex Design Define Unequal Sizes Figure 2-5 Define Unequal Sizes dialog box The De fi ne Unequal Sizes dialog box allows you to enter sizes on a per-stratum basis. Size Specifications grid. The grid displays the cross-classi fi cations of up to fi ve strata or cluster variables...

12 Chapter 2 Sampling Wizard: Output Variables Figure 2-6 Sampling Wizard, Output Variables step This step allows you to choose variables to save when the sample is drawn. Population size. The estimated number of units in the population for a given stage. The rootname for the saved variable is Popul...

13 Sampling from a Complex Design Index. Identi fi es units selected multiple times within a given stage. The rootname for the saved variable is Index_ . Note : Saved variable rootnames include an integer suf fi x that re fl ects the stage number—for example, PopulationSize_1_ for the saved populati...

14 Chapter 2 Sampling Wizard: Draw Sample Selection Options Figure 2-8 Sampling Wizard, Draw Sample Selection Options step This step allows you to choose whether to draw a sample. You can also control other samplingoptions, such as the random seed and missing-value handling. Draw sample. In addition...

15 Sampling from a Complex Design Sampling Wizard: Draw Sample Output Files Figure 2-9 Sampling Wizard, Draw Sample Output Files step This step allows you to choose where to direct sampled cases, weight variables, joint probabilities,and case selection rules. Sample data. These options let you deter...

16 Chapter 2 Sampling Wizard: Finish Figure 2-10 Sampling Wizard, Finish step This is the fi nal step. You can save the plan fi le and draw the sample now or paste your selections into a syntax window. When making changes to stages in the existing plan fi le, you can save the edited plan to a new fi...

17 Sampling from a Complex Design E Review the sampling plan in the Plan Summary step, and then click Next . Subsequent steps are largely the same as for a new design. See the Help for individual stepsfor more information. E Navigate to the Finish step, and specify a new name for the edited plan fi ...

18 Chapter 2 Remove stages. You can remove stages 2 and 3 from a multistage design. Running an Existing Sample Plan E From the menus choose: Analyze > Complex Samples > Select a Sample... E Select Draw a sample and choose a plan fi le to run. E Click Next to continue through the Wizard. E Revi...

20 Chapter 3 Creating a New Analysis Plan E From the menus choose: Analyze > Complex Samples > Prepare for Analysis... E Select Create a plan file , and choose a plan fi lename to which you will save the analysis plan. E Click Next to continue through the Wizard. E Specify the variable contain...

21 Preparing a Complex Sample for Analysis This step allows you to identify the strati fi cation and clustering variables and de fi ne sample weights. You can also provide a label for the stage. Strata. The cross-classi fi cation of strati fi cation variables de fi nes distinct subpopulations, or st...

22 Chapter 3 Analysis Preparation Wizard: Estimation Method Figure 3-3 Analysis Preparation Wizard, Estimation Method step This step allows you to specify an estimation method for the stage. WR (sampling with replacement). WR estimation does not include a correction for sampling from a fi nite popul...

23 Preparing a Complex Sample for Analysis Analysis Preparation Wizard: Size Figure 3-4 Analysis Preparation Wizard, Size step This step is used to specify inclusion probabilities or population sizes for the current stage. Sizescan be fi xed or can vary across strata. For the purpose of specifying s...

25 Preparing a Complex Sample for Analysis Analysis Preparation Wizard: Plan Summary Figure 3-6 Analysis Preparation Wizard, Plan Summary step This is the last step within each stage, providing a summary of the analysis design speci fi cations through the current stage. From here, you can either pro...

26 Chapter 3 Analysis Preparation Wizard: Finish Figure 3-7 Analysis Preparation Wizard, Finish step This is the fi nal step. You can save the plan fi le now or paste your selections to a syntax window. When making changes to stages in the existing plan fi le, you can save the edited plan to a new f...

27 Preparing a Complex Sample for Analysis E Review the analysis plan in the Plan Summary step, and then click Next . Subsequent steps are largely the same as for a new design. For more information, see the Helpfor individual steps. E Navigate to the Finish step, and specify a new name for the edite...

Chapter 4 Complex Samples Plan Complex Samples analysis procedures require analysis speci fi cations from an analysis or sample plan fi le in order to provide valid results. Figure 4-1 Complex Samples Plan dialog box Plan. Specify the path of an analysis or sample plan fi le. Joint Probabilities. In...

Chapter 5 Complex Samples Frequencies The Complex Samples Frequencies procedure produces frequency tables for selected variablesand displays univariate statistics. Optionally, you can request statistics by subgroups, de fi ned by one or more categorical variables. Example. Using the Complex Samples ...

30 Chapter 5 Figure 5-1 Frequencies dialog box E Select at least one frequency variable. Optionally, you can specify variables to de fi ne subpopulations. Statistics are computed separately for each subpopulation. Complex Samples Frequencies Statistics Figure 5-2 Frequencies Statistics dialog box Ce...

31 Complex Samples Frequencies „ Confidence interval. A con fi dence interval for the estimate, using the speci fi ed level. „ Coefficient of variation. The ratio of the standard error of the estimate to the estimate. „ Unweighted count. The number of units used to compute the estimate. „ Design eff...

32 Chapter 5 Complex Samples Options Figure 5-4 Options dialog box Subpopulation Display. You can choose to have subpopulations displayed in the same table or in separate tables.

Chapter 6 Complex Samples Descriptives The Complex Samples Descriptives procedure displays univariate summary statistics for severalvariables. Optionally, you can request statistics by subgroups, de fi ned by one or more categorical variables. Example. Using the Complex Samples Descriptives procedur...

34 Chapter 6 Figure 6-1 Descriptives dialog box E Select at least one measure variable. Optionally, you can specify variables to de fi ne subpopulations. Statistics are computed separately for each subpopulation. Complex Samples Descriptives Statistics Figure 6-2 Descriptives Statistics dialog box

35 Complex Samples Descriptives Summaries. This group allows you to request estimates of the means and sums of the measure variables. Additionally, you can request t tests of the estimates against a speci fi ed value. Statistics. This group produces statistics associated with the mean or sum. „ Stan...

Chapter 7 Complex Samples Crosstabs The Complex Samples Crosstabs procedure produces crosstabulation tables for pairs of selectedvariables and displays two-way statistics. Optionally, you can request statistics by subgroups,de fi ned by one or more categorical variables. Example. Using the Complex S...

38 Chapter 7 Figure 7-1 Crosstabs dialog box E Select at least one row variable and one column variable. Optionally, you can specify variables to de fi ne subpopulations. Statistics are computed separately for each subpopulation.

39 Complex Samples Crosstabs Complex Samples Crosstabs Statistics Figure 7-2 Crosstabs Statistics dialog box Cells. This group allows you to request estimates of the cell population size and row, column, and table percentages. Statistics. This group produces statistics associated with the population...

40 Chapter 7 Summaries for 2-by-2 Tables. This group produces statistics for tables in which the row and column variable each have two categories. Each is a measure of the strength of the association betweenthe presence of a factor and the occurrence of an event. „ Odds ratio. The odds ratio can be ...

Chapter 8 Complex Samples Ratios The Complex Samples Ratios procedure displays univariate summary statistics for ratios ofvariables. Optionally, you can request statistics by subgroups, de fi ned by one or more categorical variables. Example. Using the Complex Samples Ratios procedure, you can obtai...

43 Complex Samples Ratios Figure 8-1 Ratios dialog box E Select at least one numerator variable and denominator variable. Optionally, you can specify variables to de fi ne subgroups for which statistics are produced. Complex Samples Ratios Statistics Figure 8-2 Ratios Statistics dialog box Statistic...

44 Chapter 8 „ Design effect. The ratio of the variance of the estimate to the variance obtained by assuming that the sample is a simple random sample. This is a measure of the effect of specifying acomplex design, where values further from 1 indicate greater effects. „ Square root of design effect....

46 Chapter 9 Figure 9-1 General Linear Model dialog box E Select a dependent variable. Optionally, you can: „ Select variables for factors and covariates, as appropriate for your data. „ Specify a variable to de fi ne a subpopulation. The analysis is performed only for the selected category of the s...

47 Complex Samples General Linear Model Figure 9-2 Model dialog box Specify Model Effects. By default, the procedure builds a main-effects model using the factors and covariates speci fi ed in the main dialog box. Alternatively, you can build a custom model that includes interaction effects and nest...

48 Chapter 9 Nested Terms You can build nested terms for your model in this procedure. Nested terms are useful for modelingthe effect of a factor or covariate whose values do not interact with the levels of another factor.For example, a grocery store chain may follow the spending habits of its custo...

49 Complex Samples General Linear Model „ Covariances of parameter estimates. Displays an estimate of the covariance matrix for the model coef fi cients. „ Correlations of parameter estimates. Displays an estimate of the correlation matrix for the model coef fi cients. „ Design effect. The ratio of ...

50 Chapter 9 fi rst stage of sampling. Alternatively, you can set a custom degrees of freedom by specifying a positive integer. Adjustment for Multiple Comparisons. When performing hypothesis tests with multiple contrasts, the overall signi fi cance level can be adjusted from the signi fi cance leve...

51 Complex Samples General Linear Model The Estimated Means dialog box allows you to display the model-estimated marginal means forlevels of factors and factor interactions speci fi ed in the Model subdialog box. You can also request that the overall population mean be displayed. Term. Estimated mea...

52 Chapter 9 Export model as SPSS Statistics data. Writes a dataset in IBM® SPSS® Statistics format containing the parameter correlation or covariance matrix with parameter estimates, standard errors,signi fi cance values, and degrees of freedom. The order of variables in the matrix fi le is as foll...

53 Complex Samples General Linear Model CSGLM Command Additional Features The command syntax language also allows you to: „ Specify custom tests of effects versus a linear combination of effects or a value (using the CUSTOM subcommand). „ Fix covariates at values other than their means when computin...

Chapter 10 Complex Samples Logistic Regression The Complex Samples Logistic Regression procedure performs logistic regression analysis ona binary or multinomial dependent variable for samples drawn by complex sampling methods.Optionally, you can request analyses for a subpopulation. Example. A loan ...

55 Complex Samples Logistic Regression Figure 10-1 Logistic Regression dialog box E Select a dependent variable. Optionally, you can: „ Select variables for factors and covariates, as appropriate for your data. „ Specify a variable to de fi ne a subpopulation. The analysis is performed only for the ...

56 Chapter 10 By default, the Complex Samples Logistic Regression procedure makes the highest-valuedcategory the reference category. This dialog box allows you to specify the highest value, thelowest value, or a custom category as the reference category. Complex Samples Logistic Regression Model Fig...

57 Complex Samples Logistic Regression All 3-way. Creates all possible three-way interactions of the selected variables. All 4-way. Creates all possible four-way interactions of the selected variables. All 5-way. Creates all possible fi ve-way interactions of the selected variables. Nested Terms You...

59 Complex Samples Logistic Regression Complex Samples Hypothesis Tests Figure 10-5 Hypothesis Tests dialog box Test Statistic. This group allows you to select the type of statistic used for testing hypotheses. You can choose between F , adjusted F , chi-square, and adjusted chi-square. Sampling Deg...

60 Chapter 10 Complex Samples Logistic Regression Odds Ratios Figure 10-6 Logistic Regression Odds Ratios dialog box The Odds Ratios dialog box allows you to display the model-estimated odds ratios for speci fi ed factors and covariates. A separate set of odds ratios is computed for each category of...

61 Complex Samples Logistic Regression Complex Samples Logistic Regression Save Figure 10-7 Logistic Regression Save dialog box Save Variables. This group allows you to save the model-predicted category and predicted probabilities as new variables in the active dataset. Export model as SPSS Statisti...

62 Chapter 10 Complex Samples Logistic Regression Options Figure 10-8 Logistic Regression Options dialog box Estimation. This group gives you control of various criteria used in the model estimation. „ Maximum Iterations. The maximum number of iterations the algorithm will execute. Specify a non-neg...

63 Complex Samples Logistic Regression Confidence Interval. This is the con fi dence interval level for coef fi cient estimates, exponentiated coef fi cient estimates, and odds ratios. Specify a value greater than or equal to 50 and less than 100. CSLOGISTIC Command Additional Features The command s...

Chapter 11 Complex Samples Ordinal Regression The Complex Samples Ordinal Regression procedure performs regression analysis on a binaryor ordinal dependent variable for samples drawn by complex sampling methods. Optionally,you can request analyses for a subpopulation. Example. Representatives consid...

66 Chapter 11 Complex Samples Ordinal Regression Response Probabilities Figure 11-2 Ordinal Regression Response Probabilities dialog box The Response Probabilities dialog box allows you to specify whether the cumulative probabilityof a response (that is, the probability of belonging up to and includ...

68 Chapter 11 Complex Samples Ordinal Regression Statistics Figure 11-4 Ordinal Regression Statistics dialog box Model Fit. Controls the display of statistics that measure the overall model performance. „ Pseudo R-square. The R 2 statistic from linear regression does not have an exact counterpart am...

70 Chapter 11 Test Statistic. This group allows you to select the type of statistic used for testing hypotheses. You can choose between F , adjusted F , chi-square, and adjusted chi-square. Sampling Degrees of Freedom. This group gives you control over the sampling design degrees of freedom used to ...

71 Complex Samples Ordinal Regression Factors. For each selected factor, displays the ratio of the cumulative odds at each category of the factor to the odds at the speci fi ed reference category. Covariates. For each selected covariate, displays the ratio of the cumulative odds at the covariate’s m...

72 Chapter 11 „ rowtype_. Takes values (and value labels), COV (Covariances), CORR (Correlations), EST (Parameter estimates), SE (Standard errors), SIG (Signi fi cance levels), and DF (Sampling design degrees of freedom). There is a separate case with row type COV (or CORR) for eachmodel parameter, ...

73 Complex Samples Ordinal Regression Estimation Method. You can select a parameter estimation method; choose between Newton-Raphson, Fisher scoring, or a hybrid method in which Fisher scoring iterations areperformed before switching to the Newton-Raphson method. If convergence is achieved duringthe...

Chapter 12 Complex Samples Cox Regression The Complex Samples Cox Regression procedure performs survival analysis for samples drawnby complex sampling methods. Optionally, you can request analyses for a subpopulation. Examples. A government law enforcement agency is concerned about recidivism rates ...

75 Complex Samples Cox Regression Subject Identifier. You can easily incorporate piecewise-constant, time-dependent predictors by splitting the observations for a single subject across multiple cases. For example, if you areanalyzing survival times for patients post-stroke, variables representing th...

76 Chapter 12 Figure 12-1 Cox Regression dialog box, Time and Event tab E Specify the survival time by selecting the entry and exit times from the study. E Select an event status variable. E Click De fi ne Event and de fi ne at least one event value. Optionally, you can select a subject identi fi er...

77 Complex Samples Cox Regression Define Event Figure 12-2 Define Event dialog box Specify the values that indicate a terminal event has occurred. „ Individual value(s). Specify one or more values by entering them into the grid or selecting them from a list of values with de fi ned value labels. „ R...

78 Chapter 12 Predictors Figure 12-3 Cox Regression dialog box, Predictors tab The Predictors tab allows you to specify the factors and covariates used to build model effects. Factors. Factors are categorical predictors; they can be numeric or string. Covariates. Covariates are scale predictors; the...

79 Complex Samples Cox Regression Define Time-Dependent Predictor Figure 12-4 Cox Regression Define Time-Dependent Predictor dialog box The De fi ne Time-Dependent Predictor dialog box allows you to create a predictor that is dependent upon the built-in time variable, T_ . You can use this variable ...

80 Chapter 12 Note: If your segmented, time-dependent predictor is constant within segments, as in the blood pressure example given above, it may be easier for you to specify the piecewise-constant,time-dependent predictor by splitting subjects across multiple cases. See the discussion onSubject Ide...

81 Complex Samples Cox Regression Model Figure 12-6 Cox Regression dialog box, Model tab Specify Model Effects. By default, the procedure builds a main-effects model using the factors and covariates speci fi ed in the main dialog box. Alternatively, you can build a custom model that includes interac...

82 Chapter 12 Nested Terms You can build nested terms for your model in this procedure. Nested terms are useful for modelingthe effect of a factor or covariate whose values do not interact with the levels of another factor.For example, a grocery store chain may follow the spending habits of its cust...

83 Complex Samples Cox Regression Sample design information. Displays summary information about the sample, including the unweighted count and the population size. Event and censoring summary. Displays summary information about the number and percentage of censored cases. Risk set at event times. Di...

84 Chapter 12 Plots Figure 12-8 Cox Regression dialog box, Plots tab The Plots tab allows you to request plots of the hazard function, survival function, log-minus-logof the survival function, and one minus the survival function. You can also choose to plotcon fi dence intervals along the speci fi e...

85 Complex Samples Cox Regression Hypothesis Tests Figure 12-9 Cox Regression dialog box, Hypothesis Tests tab Test Statistic. This group allows you to select the type of statistic used for testing hypotheses. You can choose between F , adjusted F , chi-square, and adjusted chi-square. Sampling Degr...

86 Chapter 12 „ Sequential Bonferroni. This is a sequentially step-down rejective Bonferroni procedure that is much less conservative in terms of rejecting individual hypotheses but maintains the sameoverall signi fi cance level. „ Sidak. This method provides tighter bounds than the Bonferroni appro...

87 Complex Samples Cox Regression „ Upper bound of confidence interval for survival function. Saves the upper bound of the con fi dence interval for the survival function at the observed time and predictor values for each case. „ Cumulative hazard function. Saves the cumulative hazard, or − ln(survi...

88 Chapter 12 Names of Saved Variables. Automatic name generation ensures that you keep all your work. Custom names allow you to discard/replace results from previous runs without fi rst deleting the saved variables in the Data Editor. Export Figure 12-11 Cox Regression dialog box, Export tab Export...

89 Complex Samples Cox Regression „ varname_. Takes values P1, P2, ..., corresponding to an ordered list of all model parameters, for row types COV or CORR, with value labels corresponding to the parameter strings shownin the parameter estimates table. The cells are blank for other row types. „ P1, ...

90 Chapter 12 Options Figure 12-12 Cox Regression dialog box, Options tab Estimation. These controls specify criteria for estimation of regression coef fi cients. „ Maximum Iterations. The maximum number of iterations the algorithm will execute. Specify a non-negative integer. „ Maximum Step-Halving...

91 Complex Samples Cox Regression iteration (the initial estimates), where n is the value of the increment. If the iteration history is requested, then the last iteration is always displayed regardless of n . „ Tie breaking method for parameter estimation. When there are tied observed failure times,...

Chapter 13 Complex Samples Sampling Wizard The Sampling Wizard guides you through the steps for creating, modifying, or executing asampling plan fi le. Before using the wizard, you should have a well-de fi ned target population, a list of sampling units, and an appropriate sample design in mind. Obt...

94 Chapter 13 Figure 13-1 Sampling Wizard, Welcome step E Select Design a sample , browse to where you want to save the fi le, and type property_assess.csplan as the name of the plan fi le. E Click Next .

95 Complex Samples Sampling Wizard Figure 13-2 Sampling Wizard, Design Variables step (stage 1) E Select County as a strati fi cation variable. E Select Township as a cluster variable. E Click Next , and then click Next in the Sampling Method step. This design structure means that independent sample...

96 Chapter 13 Figure 13-3 Sampling Wizard, Sample Size step (stage 1) E Select Counts from the Units drop-down list. E Type 4 as the value for the number of units to select in this stage. E Click Next , and then click Next in the Output Variables step.

98 Chapter 13 Figure 13-5 Sampling Wizard, Design Variables step (stage 2) E Select Neighborhood as a strati fi cation variable. E Click Next , and then click Next in the Sampling Method step. This design structure means that independent samples are drawn for each neighborhood of thetownships drawn ...

100 Chapter 13 Figure 13-7 Sampling Wizard, Plan Summary step (stage 2) E Look over the sampling design, and then click Next .

101 Complex Samples Sampling Wizard Figure 13-8 Sampling Wizard, Draw Sample, Selection Options step E Select Custom value for the type of random seed to use, and type 241972 as the value. Using a custom value allows you to replicate the results of this example exactly. E Click Next , and then click...

102 Chapter 13 Figure 13-9 Sampling Wizard, Finish step E Click Finish . These selections produce the sampling plan fi le property_assess.csplan and draw a sample according to that plan.

103 Complex Samples Sampling Wizard Plan Summary Figure 13-10 Plan summary The summary table reviews your sampling plan and is useful for making sure that the planrepresents your intentions. Sampling Summary Figure 13-11 Stage summary This summary table reviews the fi rst stage of sampling and is us...

104 Chapter 13 Figure 13-12 Stage summary This summary table (the top part of which is shown here) reviews the second stage of sampling.It is also useful for checking that the sampling went according to plan. Approximately 20% ofthe properties were sampled from each neighborhood from each township s...

105 Complex Samples Sampling Wizard The agency will now use its resources to collect current valuations for the properties selected inthe sample. Once those valuations are available, you can process the sample with ComplexSamples analysis procedures, using the sampling plan property_assess.csplan to...

118 Chapter 13 Sample Results Figure 13-26 Data Editor with sample results You can see the sampling results in the Data Editor. Five new variables were saved to the working fi le, representing the inclusion probabilities and cumulative sampling weights for each stage, plus the “ fi nal” sampling wei...

119 Complex Samples Sampling Wizard Figure 13-27 Sampling Wizard, Welcome step E Select Draw a sample , browse to where you saved the plan fi le, and select the demo.csplan plan fi le that you created. E Click Next .

121 Complex Samples Sampling Wizard Figure 13-29 Sampling Wizard, Draw Sample Selection Options step E Select Custom value for the type of random seed to use and type 4231946 as the value. E Click Next , and then click Next in the Draw Sample Output Files step.

123 Complex Samples Sampling Wizard Sample Results Figure 13-31 Data Editor with sample results You can see the sampling results in the Data Editor. Three new variables were saved to theworking fi le, representing the inclusion probabilities and cumulative sampling weights for the third stage, plus ...

126 Chapter 13 Figure 13-34 Sampling Wizard, Sampling Method step (stage 1) E Select PPS as the sampling method. E Select Count data records as the measure of size. E Click Next . Within each county, townships are drawn without replacement with probability proportional to thenumber of records for ea...

137 Complex Samples Sampling Wizard Sample Results Figure 13-46 Data Editor with sample results You can see the sampling results in the newly created dataset. Five new variables were saved tothe working fi le, representing the inclusion probabilities and cumulative sampling weights for each stage, p...

139 Complex Samples Sampling Wizard inclusion probability matrices are 4×4 for these strata, and the Joint_Prob_5_ column is left empty for these rows. Similarly, strata 3 and 5 have 3×3 joint inclusion probability matrices, and stratum4 has a 5×5 joint inclusion probability matrix. The need for a j...

Chapter 14 Complex Samples AnalysisPreparation Wizard The Analysis Preparation Wizard guides you through the steps for creating or modifying ananalysis plan for use with the various Complex Samples analysis procedures. It is most usefulwhen you do not have access to the sampling plan fi le used to d...

141 Complex Samples Analysis Preparation Wizard Figure 14-1 Analysis Preparation Wizard, Welcome step E Browse to where you want to save the plan fi le and type nhis2000_subset.csaplan as the name for the analysis plan fi le. E Click Next .

143 Complex Samples Analysis Preparation Wizard Summary Figure 14-3 Summary The summary table reviews your analysis plan. The plan consists of one stage with a design ofone strati fi cation variable and one cluster variable. With-replacement (WR) estimation is used, and the plan is saved to c:\nhis2...

149 Complex Samples Analysis Preparation Wizard Figure 14-9 Analysis Preparation Wizard, Estimation Method step (stage 1) E Select Equal WOR as the fi rst-stage estimation method. E Click Next .

150 Chapter 14 Figure 14-10 Analysis Preparation Wizard, Size step (stage 1) E Select Read values from variable and select inclprob_s1 as the variable containing the fi rst-stage inclusion probabilities. E Click Next .

151 Complex Samples Analysis Preparation Wizard Figure 14-11 Analysis Preparation Wizard, Plan Summary step (stage 1) E Select Yes, add stage 2 now . E Click Next , and then click Next in the Design Variables step.

154 Chapter 14 Summary Figure 14-14 Summary table The summary table reviews your analysis plan. The plan consists of two stages with a designof one cluster variable. Equal probability without replacement (WOR) estimation is used,and the plan is saved to c:\bankloan.csaplan . You can now use this pla...

Chapter 15 Complex Samples Frequencies The Complex Samples Frequencies procedure produces frequency tables for selected variablesand displays univariate statistics. Optionally, you can request statistics by subgroups, de fi ned by one or more categorical variables. Using Complex Samples Frequencies ...

156 Chapter 15 Figure 15-1 Complex Samples Plan dialog box E Browse to and select nhis2000_subset.csaplan . For more information, see the topic Sample Files in Appendix A in IBM SPSS Complex Samples 19 . E Click Continue .

157 Complex Samples Frequencies Figure 15-2 Frequencies dialog box E Select Vitamin/mineral supplmnts-past 12 m as a frequency variable. E Select Age category as a subpopulation variable. E Click Statistics . Figure 15-3 Frequencies Statistics dialog box E Select Table percent in the Cells group. E ...

158 Chapter 15 Frequency Table Figure 15-4 Frequency table for variable/situation Each selected statistic is computed for each selected cell measure. The fi rst column contains estimates of the number and percentage of the population that do or do not take vitamin/mineralsupplements. The con fi denc...

Chapter 16 Complex Samples Descriptives The Complex Samples Descriptives procedure displays univariate summary statistics for severalvariables. Optionally, you can request statistics by subgroups, de fi ned by one or more categorical variables. Using Complex Samples Descriptives to Analyze Activity ...

163 Complex Samples Descriptives E Click Continue . E Click OK in the Complex Samples Descriptives dialog box. Univariate Statistics Figure 16-4 Univariate statistics Each selected statistic is computed for each measure variable. The fi rst column contains estimates of the average number of times pe...

Chapter 17 Complex Samples Crosstabs The Complex Samples Crosstabs procedure produces crosstabulation tables for pairs of selectedvariables and displays two-way statistics. Optionally, you can request statistics by subgroups,de fi ned by one or more categorical variables. Using Complex Samples Cross...

168 Chapter 17 Figure 17-3 Crosstabs Statistics dialog box E Deselect Population size and select Row percent in the Cells group. E Select Odds ratio and Relative risk in the Summaries for 2-by-2 Tables group. E Click Continue . E Click OK in the Complex Samples Crosstabs dialog box. These selections...

169 Complex Samples Crosstabs Risk Estimate Figure 17-5 Risk estimate for newspaper subscription by response The relative risk is a ratio of event probabilities. The relative risk of a response to the mailingis the ratio of the probability that a newspaper subscriber responds to the probability that...

170 Chapter 17 Risk Estimate by Subpopulation Figure 17-6 Risk estimate for newspaper subscription by response, controlling for income category Relative risk estimates are computed separately for each income category. Note that the relativerisk of a positive response for newspaper subscribers appear...

Chapter 18 Complex Samples Ratios The Complex Samples Ratios procedure displays univariate summary statistics for ratios ofvariables. Optionally, you can request statistics by subgroups, de fi ned by one or more categorical variables. Using Complex Samples Ratios to Aid Property Value Assessment A s...

173 Complex Samples Ratios Figure 18-2 Ratios dialog box E Select Current value as a numerator variable. E Select Value at last appraisal as the denominator variable. E Select County as a subpopulation variable. E Click Statistics . Figure 18-3 Ratios Statistics dialog box E Select Confidence interv...

174 Chapter 18 Ratios Figure 18-4 Ratios table The default display of the table is very wide, so you will need to pivot it for a better view. Pivoting the Ratios Table E Double-click the table to activate it. E From the Viewer menus choose: Pivot > Pivoting Trays E Drag Numerator and then Denomin...

Chapter 19 Complex Samples General LinearModel The Complex Samples General Linear Model (CSGLM) procedure performs linear regressionanalysis, as well as analysis of variance and covariance, for samples drawn by complex samplingmethods. Optionally, you can request analyses for a subpopulation. Using ...

179 Complex Samples General Linear Model Figure 19-3 Model dialog box E Choose to build a Custom model. E Select Main effects as the type of term to build and select shopfor and usecoup as model terms. E Select Interaction as the type of term to build and add the shopfor*usecoup interaction as a mod...

181 Complex Samples General Linear Model E Select a Simple contrast and 3 Self and family as the reference category for shopfor . Note that, once selected, the category appears as “3” in the dialog box. E Select a Simple contrast and 1 No as the reference category for usecoup . E Click Continue . E ...

182 Chapter 19 Parameter Estimates Figure 19-8 Parameter estimates The parameter estimates show the effect of each predictor on Amount spent . The value of 518.249 for the intercept term indicates that the grocery chain can expect a shopper with a family who usescoupons from the newspaper and target...

183 Complex Samples General Linear Model The parameter estimates are useful for quantifying the effect of each model term, but the estimatedmarginal means tables can make it easier to interpret the model results. Estimated Marginal Means Figure 19-9 Estimated marginal means by levels of Who shopping...

Chapter 20 Complex Samples Logistic Regression The Complex Samples Logistic Regression procedure performs logistic regression analysis ona binary or multinomial dependent variable for samples drawn by complex sampling methods.Optionally, you can request analyses for a subpopulation. Using Complex Sa...

188 Chapter 20 Figure 20-2 Logistic Regression dialog box E Select Previously defaulted as the dependent variable. E Select Level of education as a factor. E Select Age in years through Other debt in thousands as covariates. E Select Previously defaulted and click Reference Category .

190 Chapter 20 Figure 20-5 Logistic Regression Odds Ratios dialog box E Choose to create odds ratios for the factor ed and the covariates employ and debtinc . E Click Continue . E Click OK in the Logistic Regression dialog box. Pseudo R-Squares Figure 20-6 Pseudo R-square statistics In the linear re...

191 Complex Samples Logistic Regression What constitutes a “good” R 2 value varies between different areas of application. While these statistics can be suggestive on their own, they are most useful when comparing competing modelsfor the same data. The model with the largest R 2 statistic is “best” ...

193 Complex Samples Logistic Regression Odds Ratios Figure 20-10 Odds ratios for level of education This table displays the odds ratios of Previously defaulted at the factor levels of Level of education . The reported values are the ratios of the odds of default for Did not complete high school thro...

194 Chapter 20 This table displays the odds ratio of Previously defaulted for a unit change in the covariate Debt to income ratio . The reported value is the ratio of the odds of default for a person with a debt/income ratio of 10.9341 compared to the odds of default for a person with 9.9341 (the me...

Chapter 21 Complex Samples Ordinal Regression The Complex Samples Ordinal Regression procedure creates a predictive model for an ordinaldependent variable for samples drawn by complex sampling methods. Optionally, you can requestanalyses for a subpopulation. Using Complex Samples Ordinal Regression ...

201 Complex Samples Ordinal Regression Each term in the model is tested for whether its effect equals 0. Terms with signi fi cance values less than 0.05 have some discernable effect. Thus, agecat and drivefreq contribute to the model, while the other main effects do not. In a further analysis of the...

202 Chapter 21 „ Those who drive less frequently show greater support for the bill than those who drive more frequently. „ The coef fi cients for the variables gender and votelast , in addition to not being statistically signi fi cant, appear to be small compared to other coef fi cients. The design ...

203 Complex Samples Ordinal Regression Figure 21-10 Classification table The classi fi cation table shows the practical results of using the model. For each case, the predicted response is the response category with the highest model-predicted probability. Cases areweighted by Final Sampling Weight ...

204 Chapter 21 merely the ratios of the exponentiated parameter estimates. For example, the cumulative oddsratio for 18–30 vs. >60 is 1.00/0.723 = 1.383. Figure 21-12 Odds ratios for driving frequency This table displays the cumulative odds ratios for the factor levels of Driving frequency , usin...

205 Complex Samples Ordinal Regression Figure 21-14 Parameter estimates for generalized cumulative model (shown in part) Moreover, the estimated values of the generalized model coef fi cients don’t appear to differ much from the estimates under the parallel lines assumption. Dropping Non-Significant...

206 Chapter 21 E Click Continue in the Plan dialog box. Figure 21-15 Ordinal Regression dialog box E Deselect Gender and Voted in last election as factors. E Click Options .

207 Complex Samples Ordinal Regression Figure 21-16 Ordinal Regression Options dialog box E Select Display iteration history . The iteration history is useful for diagnosing problems encountered by the estimation algorithm. E Click Continue . E Click OK in the Complex Samples Ordinal Regression dial...

208 Chapter 21 Figure 21-18 Warnings for reduced model Looking at the iteration history, the changes in the parameter estimates over the last few iterationsare slight enough that you’re not terribly concerned about the warning message. Comparing Models Figure 21-19 Pseudo R-Squares for reduced model...

Chapter 22 Complex Samples Cox Regression The Complex Samples Cox Regression procedure performs survival analysis for samples drawnby complex sampling methods. Using a Time-Dependent Predictor in Complex Samples Cox Regression A government law enforcement agency is concerned about recidivism rates i...

215 Complex Samples Cox Regression Figure 22-5 Date and Time Wizard, Calculate the number of time units between two dates step E Select Date of second arrest [date2] as the fi rst date. E Select Date of release from fi rst arrest [date1] as the date to subtract from the fi rst date. E Select Days as...

219 Complex Samples Cox Regression Figure 22-9 Define Event dialog box E Select 1 Yes as the value indicating the event of interest (rearrest) has occurred. E Click Continue . E Click the Predictors tab.

221 Complex Samples Cox Regression Figure 22-11 Cox Regression dialog box, Statistics tab E Select Test of proportional hazards and then select Log as the time function in the Model Assumptions group. E Select Parameter estimates for alternative model . E Click OK . Sample Design Information Figure ...

222 Chapter 22 This table contains information on the sample design pertinent to the estimation of the model. „ There is one case per subject, and all 5,687 cases are used in the analysis. „ The sample represents less than 2% of the entire estimated population. „ The design requested 4 strata and 5 ...

225 Complex Samples Cox Regression Figure 22-18 Cox Regression dialog box, Predictors tab E Select Estimate , Standard error , Confidence interval , and Design effect in the Parameters group. E Deselect Test of proportional hazards and Parameter estimates for alternative model in the Model Assumptio...

226 Chapter 22 Parameter Estimates Figure 22-20 Parameter estimates Looking at the parameter estimates and standard errors, you can see that you have replicated thealternative model from the test of proportional hazards. By explicitly specifying the model, youcan request additional parameter statist...

227 Complex Samples Cox Regression Preparing the Data for Analysis Before restructuring the data, you will need to create two ancillary variables to help with therestructuring. E To compute a new variable, from the menus choose: Transform > Compute Variable... Figure 22-21 Compute Variable dialog...

229 Complex Samples Cox Regression Figure 22-23 Restructure Data Wizard, Welcome step E Make sure Restructure selected variables into cases is selected. E Click Next .

230 Chapter 22 Figure 22-24 Restructure Data Wizard, Variables to Cases Number of Variable Groups step E Select More than one variable group to restructure. E Type 6 as the number of groups. E Click Next .

231 Complex Samples Cox Regression Figure 22-25 Restructure Data Wizard, Variables to Cases Select Variables step E In the Case Group Identi fi cation group, select Use selected variable and select Patient ID [patid] as the subject identi fi er. E Type event as the fi rst target variable. E Select F...

232 Chapter 22 Figure 22-26 Restructure Data Wizard, Variables to Cases Select Variables step E Type start_time as the target variable. E Select Length of stay for rehabilitation [los_rehab] , start_time2 , and start_time3 as variables to be transposed. Time to fi rst event post-attack [time1] and T...

234 Chapter 22 Figure 22-28 Restructure Data Wizard, Variables to Cases Select Variables step E Type mi as the target variable. E Select History of myocardial infarction [mi] , History of myocardial infarction [mi1] , and History of myocardial infarction [mi2] as variables to be transposed. E Select...

235 Complex Samples Cox Regression Figure 22-29 Restructure Data Wizard, Variables to Cases Select Variables step E Type is as the target variable. E Select History of ischemic stroke [is] , History of ischemic stroke [is1] , and History of ischemic stroke [is2] as variables to be transposed. E Sele...

236 Chapter 22 Figure 22-30 Restructure Data Wizard, Variables to Cases Select Variables step E Type hs as the target variable. E Select History of hemorrhagic stroke [hs] , History of hemorrhagic stroke [hs1] , and History of hemorrhagic stroke [hs2] as variables to be transposed. E Click Next , th...

237 Complex Samples Cox Regression Figure 22-31 Restructure Data Wizard, Variables to Cases Create One Index Variable step E Type event_index as the name of the index variable and type Event index as the variable label. E Click Next .

242 Chapter 22 Figure 22-36 Select Cases dialog box E Select Delete unselected cases . E Click OK . Creating a Simple Random Sampling Analysis Plan Now you are ready to create the simple random sampling analysis plan. E First, you need to create a sampling weight variable. From the menus choose: Tra...

244 Chapter 22 Figure 22-38 Analysis Preparation Wizard, Welcome step E Select Create a plan file and type srs.csaplan as the name of the fi le. Alternatively, browse to the location you want to save it. E Click Next .

246 Chapter 22 Figure 22-40 Analysis Preparation Wizard, Estimation Method E Deselect Use finite population correction . E Click Finish . You are now ready to run the analysis. Running the Analysis E To run a Complex Samples Cox Regression analysis, from the menus choose: Analyze > Complex Sample...

247 Complex Samples Cox Regression Figure 22-41 Plan for Cox Regression dialog box E Browse to where you saved the simple random sampling analysis plan, or to the sample fi les directory, and select srs.csaplan . E Click Continue .

249 Complex Samples Cox Regression Figure 22-43 Define Event dialog box E Select 4 Death as the value indicating the terminal event has occurred. E Click Continue .

252 Chapter 22 Figure 22-46 Cox Regression dialog box, Statistics tab E Select Estimate , Exponentiated estimate , Standard error , and Confidence interval in the Parameters group. E Click the Plots tab.

253 Complex Samples Cox Regression Figure 22-47 Cox Regression dialog box, Statistics tab E Select Log-minus-log of survival function . E Check Separate Lines for History of myocardial infarction . E Select 1.0 as the level for History of ischemic stroke . E Select 0.0 as the level for History of he...

254 Chapter 22 Figure 22-48 Cox Regression dialog box, Options tab E Select Breslow as the tie-breaking method in the Estimation group. E Click OK . Sample Design Information Figure 22-49 Sample design information This table contains information on the sample design pertinent to the estimation of th...

255 Complex Samples Cox Regression „ There are multiple cases for some subjects, and all 3,310 cases are used in the analysis. „ The design has a single stratum and 2,421 units (one for each subject). The sampling design degrees of freedom are estimated by 2421 − 1=2420. Tests of Model Effects Figur...

256 Chapter 22 „ The con fi dence intervals for [mi=0] and [mi=1] do not overlap with the interval for [mi=2] , and none of them include 0. Therefore, it appears that the hazard for patients with one or noprior mi’s is distinguishable from the hazard for patients with two prior mi’s, which in turn i...

Appendix A Sample Files The sample fi les installed with the product can be found in the Samples subdirectory of the installation directory. There is a separate folder within the Samples subdirectory for each ofthe following languages: English, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Polish, Russ...

Appendix B Notices Licensed Materials – Property of SPSS Inc., an IBM Company. © Copyright SPSS Inc. 1989,2010. Patent No. 7,023,453 The following paragraph does not apply to the United Kingdom or any other country where suchprovisions are inconsistent with local law: SPSS INC., AN IBM COMPANY, PROV...

Bibliography Bell, E. H. 1961. Social foundations of human behavior: Introduction to the study of sociology . New York: Harper & Row. Blake, C. L., and C. J. Merz. 1998. "UCI Repository of machine learning databases." Available at http://www.ics.uci.edu/~mlearn/MLRepository.html . Breima...

270 Bibliography Rosenberg, S., and M. P. Kim. 1975. The method of sorting as a data-gathering procedure in multivariate research. Multivariate Behavioral Research , 10, 489–502. Särndal, C., B. Swensson, and J. Wretman. 1992. Model Assisted Survey Sampling . New York: Springer-Verlag. Van der Ham, ...

Index adjusted chi-square in Complex Samples, 49, 59, 69in Complex Samples Cox Regression, 85 adjusted F statistic in Complex Samples, 49, 59, 69in Complex Samples Cox Regression, 85 adjusted residuals in Complex Samples Crosstabs, 39 aggregated residuals in Complex Samples Cox Regression, 86 analys...