Page 2 - PRIMUS
Printed in U.S.A. Pub. No. A28--1146--102--03 September 1996 Revised January 2006 Honeywell International Inc. Commercial Electronic Systems 5353 W. Bell Rd. Glendale, Arizona 85308-- 3912 U.S.A. (CAGE 55939) PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System Pilot’s Guide
Page 3 - Table of Contents; Section
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Table of Contents TC- 1 Table of Contents Section Page 1. INTRODUCTION 1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS 2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. OPERATING CONTROLS 3-1 . . . . . . . . ....
Page 5 - INDEX; List of Illustrations; Figure
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28-- 1146-- 102-- 01 REV 1 Table of Contents TC -- 3 Table of Contents (cont) A FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION (FAA) ADVISORY CIRCULARS ( CONT ) SUBJECT: THUNDERSTORMS A--4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purpose A--4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
Page 8 - List of Tables; Table
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28-- 1146-- 102-- 01 REV 1 Table of Contents TC -- 6 Table of Contents (cont) List of Tables Table Page 2--1 Dual Control Mode Truth Table 2-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2--2 PRIMUS R 880 Weather Radar Equipment List 2-4 . . . . 3--1 Rainfall Rate Colo...
Page 9 - WARNING
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Introduction 1-1 1. Introduction The PRIMUS R 880 Digital Weather Radar System is a lightweight, X- band digital radar with alphanumerics designed for weather detection (WX) and ground mapping (GMAP). The primary purpose of the system is t...
Page 10 - This feature expands the use of the radar indicator to display
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Introduction 1-2 The radar indicator is equipped with the universal digital interface (UDI). This feature expands the use of the radar indicator to display information such as checklists, short and long range navigation displays (when used...
Page 11 - System Configurations
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 System Configurations 2-1 2. System Configurations The PRIMUS â 880 Digital Weather Radar System can be operated in many configurations to display weather or ground mapping information on a radar indicator, electronic flight instrument sys...
Page 15 - Typical PRIMUS
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 System Configurations 2-5/(2-6 blank) WC- 884 CONTROLLER WC- 880 CONTROLLER WI- 880 INDICATOR WU- 880 RTA AD- 46691@ Typical PRIMUS â 880 Weather Radar Components Figure 2- 2
Page 16 - Operating Controls; WI- 880 WEATHER RADAR INDICATOR OPERATION; WI- 880 Weather Radar Indicator; The controls and display features of the WI- 880 Weather Radar
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Operating Controls 3-1 3. Operating Controls WI- 880 WEATHER RADAR INDICATOR OPERATION All controls used to operate the system display shown in figure 3- 1, are located on the WI- 880 Weather Radar Indicator front panel. There are three ba...
Page 17 - WI- 880 Weather Radar Indicator Front Panel View
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Operating Controls 3-2 AD- 46693- R1@ RCT TGT AZ SCT RANGE GMAP WX FP TST SBY OFF GAIN MIN MAX PULL VAR PULL ACT TILT + - BRT STB TRB 7 8 9 10 11 2 1 3 4 5 6 12 10 BRT OFF CLR TST SBY LX WI- 880 Weather Radar Indicator Front Panel View Fig...
Page 18 - WI- 880 Weather Radar Indicator Display Screen Features
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Operating Controls 3-3 AD- 46694- R2@ T TGT 1 2 3 4 T V A R ! 1 2 3 V A R 1 2 3 4 T V A R ! TARGET/TARGET ALERT: ARM (GREEN) ALERT (YELLOW INVERTED VIDEO) TILT ANGLE ALTITUDE COMPENSATED TILT (ACT) ANNUNCIATION RANGE RING MARKERS (120- DEG...
Page 21 - FORCED STANDBY MODE MUST BE VERIFIED BY THE OPERATOR
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Operating Controls 3-6 WARNING FORCED STANDBY MODE MUST BE VERIFIED BY THE OPERATOR TO ENSURE SAFETY FOR GROUND PERSONNEL. 3 TGT (Target) The TGT button is an alternate- action switch that enables and disables the radar target alert featur...
Page 22 - Selected Range
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Operating Controls 3-7 Selected Range (NM) Minimum Target Depth (NM) Target Range (NM) 5 5 5- 55 10 5 10- 60 25 5 25- 75 50 5 50- 100 100 5 100- 150 200 5 200- 250 300 N/A N/A FP (Flight Plan) 5 5- 55 Target Alert Characteristics Table 3- ...
Page 23 - WARNINGS
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28-- 1146-- 102-- 03 REV 3 Operating Controls 3-8 The radar antenna is normally attitude stabilized. It automatically compensates for roll and pitch maneuvers (refer to Section 5, Radar Facts, for a description of stabilization). The STB OFF annunciator is ...
Page 25 - GAIN; additional weather analysis and for ground mapping. In WX mode,; HAZARDOUS TARGETS MAY BE ELIMINATED FROM THE DIS-; In the GMAP mode, variable gain is used to reduce the level of the
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Operating Controls 3-10 12 GAIN The GAIN knob is a single- turn rotary control and push/pull switch that is used to control the receiver gain. Push in on the GAIN switch to enter the system into the preset calibrated gain mode. Calibrated ...
Page 26 - WC- 880 WEATHER RADAR CONTROLLER; The controls and display features of the WC- 880 Weather Radar; WC- 880 Weather Radar Controller Configurations
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Operating Controls 3-11 WC- 880 WEATHER RADAR CONTROLLER OPERATION The controls and display features of the WC- 880 Weather Radar Controller are indexed and identified in figure 3- 4. Brightness levels for all legend and controls on the in...
Page 27 - is controlled from the installed EFIS navigation display
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Operating Controls 3-12 6 5 4 3 8 1 10 2 TRB STAB TGT SECT + - TILT CLR TST LX SBY OFF LSS SLV RADAR GAIN RCT WX SBY GMAPFPTST OFF PULLVAR MAX MIN AD- 46697- R1@ PULL ACT WC- 880 Weather Radar Controller Configurations Figure 3- 4 NOTES: 1...
Page 29 - WEATHER TYPE TARGETS ARE NOT CALIBRATED WHEN
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Operating Controls 3-14 NOTES: 1. REACT’s three functions (attenuation compensation, cyan field, and forcing targets to magenta) are switched on and off with the RCT switch. 2. Refer to Section 5, Radar Facts, for a description of REACT. D...
Page 30 - UNLESS THE SYSTEM IS IN FORCED STANDBY, THE TRANSMIT-; FORCED STANDBY MODE MUST BE VERIFIED BY THE OPERA-
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Operating Controls 3-15 The target alert mode can be used in the FP mode. With target alert on and the FP mode selected, the target alert armed annunciation (green TGT) is displayed. The RTA searches for a hazardous target from 5 to 55 mil...
Page 34 - LOW VARIABLE GAIN SETTINGS CAN ELIMINATE HAZARDOUS
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Operating Controls 3-19 WARNING LOW VARIABLE GAIN SETTINGS CAN ELIMINATE HAZARDOUS TARGETS FROM THE DISPLAY. In GMAP mode, variable gain is used to reduce the level of strong returns from ground targets. Minimum gain is attained with the c...
Page 35 - WC- 884 WEATHER RADAR CONTROLLER; WC- 884 Weather Radar Controller
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Operating Controls 3-20 WC- 884 WEATHER RADAR CONTROLLER OPERATION The controls and display features of the WC- 884 Weather Radar Controller are indexed and identified in figure 3- 5. Brightness levels for all legend and controls on the in...
Page 42 - Roll Offset
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Operating Controls 3-27 Roll Offset D Function - Roll offset permits exact compensation of the antenna roll to eliminate the effects of small errors in the aircraft radar installation. Constantly lopsided ground returns can be eliminated. ...
Page 43 - Entry Method
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Operating Controls 3-28 D Entry Method - Selected by sequencing through the roll offset, pitch offset, and roll gain menus with the STAB button. (Refer to Section 5, Radar Facts, table 5- 10.) D Control - Pull the GAIN knob out and use it....
Page 44 - PRELIMINARY CONTROL SETTINGS; Step
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28-- 1146-- 102-- 03 REV 3 4-1 Normal Operation 4. Normal Operation PRELIMINARY CONTROL SETTINGS Table 4--1 gives the proper power--up procedure for the PRIMUS R 880 Digital Weather Radar System. Step Procedure 1 Verify that the system controls are in the p...
Page 46 - Refer to the specific EFIS document for a detailed
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28-- 1146-- 102-- 03 REV 3 4-3 Normal Operation AD--46700 --R2@ VOR1 VOR2 TEST +11 HDG 319 25 15 DTRK 315 GSPD MAG1 321 TGT FMS1 130 NM V 260 KTS 50 GRAY MAGENTA BLUE WX RANGE ANNUNCIATOR (WHITE) P880 WX MODE ANNUNCIATIONS RED WX RANGE RINGS (WHITE) TGT OR ...
Page 47 - WI--880 Indicator Test Pattern With TEXT FAULT Enabled; Standby; When Standby is selected, and the radar is not in dual control mode
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28-- 1146-- 102-- 03 REV 3 Normal Operation 4-4 WI--880 Indicator Test Pattern With TEXT FAULT Enabled Figure 4--3 Standby When Standby is selected, and the radar is not in dual control mode (refer to table 2--1, dual control mode truth table, for dual cont...
Page 49 - Radar Mode - Ground Mapping; Color Bands
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Normal Operation 4-6 Radar Mode - Ground Mapping NOTE: Refer to Tilt Management in Section 5, Radar Facts, for additional information on the use of tilt control. Ground- mapping operation is selected by setting the controls to GMAP. The TI...
Page 50 - - Faults are normally shown when test is selected.
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Normal Operation 4-7/(4-8 blank) D EFIS/MFD/ND - Faults are normally shown when test is selected. NOTES: 1. Some weather failures on EFIS are annunciated with an amber WX. 2. Some EFIS installations can power up with an amber WX if weather...
Page 51 - RADAR OPERATION
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-1 5. Radar Facts RADAR OPERATION The PRIMUS â 880 Digital Weather Radar works on an echo principle. The radar sends out short bursts of electromagnetic energy that travel through space as a radio wave. When the traveling wave...
Page 52 - Positional Relationship of an Airplane and; standing on end. From a point close to the surface of earth, it towers
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-2 20 40 +0.6 60 80 100 WX 0 AIRCRAFT HEADING AD- 12055- R2@ Positional Relationship of an Airplane and Storm Cells Ahead as Displayed on Indicator Figure 5- 1 The drawing is laid out to simulate the face of the indicator with...
Page 53 - for display depends upon the altitude and also upon the upward or; Antenna Beam Slicing Out Cross Section of Storm; designed for this purpose and should never be considered a
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-3 at it from above, as shown in figure 5- 2. The height of the slice selected for display depends upon the altitude and also upon the upward or downward TILT adjustment made to the antenna. Antenna Beam Slicing Out Cross Sect...
Page 54 - When the antenna is tilted downward for ground mapping, two; Sea Returns
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-4 When the antenna is tilted downward for ground mapping, two phenomena may occur that can confuse the pilot. The first is called ”The Great Plains Quadrant Effect”that is seen most often when flying over the great plains of ...
Page 55 - TILT MANAGEMENT; The pilot can use tilt management techniques to minimize ground; Radar Beam Illumination High Altitude
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-5 TILT MANAGEMENT The pilot can use tilt management techniques to minimize ground clutter when viewing weather targets. Assume the aircraft is flying over relatively smooth terrain which is equivalent to sea level in altitude...
Page 56 - Radar Beam Illumination Low Altitude
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-6 40,000 40 ELEV ATION IN FEET RANGE NAUTICAL MILES AD- 17718- R1@ 30,000 20,000 10,000 5,000 0 30 20 10 50 60 70 80 20,900 FT 20,900 FT 10,500 FT 1.15 7.9 4,200 FT 4,200 FT ANTENNA ADJUSTED FOR 2.8 UPTILT 10,500 FT Radar Bea...
Page 58 - Approximate Tilt Setting for Minimal Ground Target Display; operator must exercise good judgment.
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-8 RANGE SCALE (NM) ALTITUDE (FEET) 25 50 100 200 300 LINE OF SIGHT (NM) 40,000 35,00030,000 25,000 20,00015,00010,000 5,000 4,0003,0002,0001,000 +3 - 0 +2 +2+3+3 +3 +2 +2 +2 +3+3 +1 +2 0 +1 - 1 +1 0 +1+1 0 +1 - 1 246 230213 1...
Page 60 - the operator must exercise good judgement.
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-10 0.5 1.0 2.5 5 10 25 50 100 200 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 500 246 230 213 195 174 151 123 87 78 67 55 39 27 Line of Sight (NM) - 2 - 3 - 6 - 2 - 2 - 1 - 1 0 0 0 - 5 - 4 -...
Page 61 - weather targets can be missed or underestimated.; Ideal Tilt Angle; Earth’s curvature can be a factor if altitude is low enough, or if the; Earth’s Curvature
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-11 Tilt management is often misunderstood. It is crucial to safe operation of airborne weather radar. If radar tilt angles are not properly managed, weather targets can be missed or underestimated. The upper levels of convect...
Page 62 - Convective thunderstorms become much less reflective above the; Convective Thunderstorms; The aircraft in figure 5- 10 has a clear radar indication of the; Unaltered Tilt
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-12 D Convective thunderstorms become much less reflective above the freezing level. This reflectivity decreases gradually over the first 5000 to 10,000 feet above the freezing level, as shown in figure 5- 10. AD- 35696@ FREEZ...
Page 63 - Proper tilt management demands that tilt be changed continually; Proper Tilt Technique
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-13 D Proper tilt management demands that tilt be changed continually when approaching hazardous weather so that ground targets are not painted by the radar beam, as shown in figure 5- 12. AD- 35698@ FREEZING LEVEL Proper Tilt...
Page 64 - Fast Developing Thunderstorm; Low Altitude Tilt Management
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-14 D Under the right conditions, a dangerous thunder bumper can develop in 10 minutes, and can in fact spawn and mature under the radar beam as the aircraft approaches it, as shown in figure 5- 14. If flying at 400 kt grounds...
Page 65 - Antenna Size and Impact on Tilt Management; Rules of Thumb
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-15 D The antenna size used on the aircraft alters the best tilt settings by about 1 _ . However, tilt management is the same for either size, as shown in figure 5- 16. 10- IN. ANTENNA HAS 10 BEAM 12- IN. ANTENNA HAS 7.9 BEAM ...
Page 67 - Manual Tilt at Low Altitudes
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-17 AD- 35703@ 25 50 100 NM Manual Tilt at Low Altitudes Figure 5- 18
Page 68 - STABILIZATION
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-18 STABILIZATION The purpose of the stabilization system is to hold the elevation of the antenna beam relative to the earth’s surface constant at all azimuths, regardless of aircraft bank and pitch maneuvers. The stabilizatio...
Page 69 - Pitch and Roll Trim Adjustments
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-19 Some vertical gyroscopes have provisions for deactivating the roll- erection torque motor (whenever the airplane banks more than approximately 6 _ ) to reduce the effect of lateral acceleration during turns. To some extent...
Page 70 - Trim Adjustment
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-20 Trim Adjustment Flight Condition Effect On Ground Return Display (Over Level Terrain) Roll offset Straight and level Nonsymmetrical display Pitch offset Straight and level Ground displays do not follow contour of range arc...
Page 71 - Stabilization Precheck; LEVEL FLIGHT STABILIZATION CHECK
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-21 Stabilization Precheck Prior to performing any of the adjustment procedures, conduct the precheck procedures listed in tables 5- 5 and 5- 6. LEVEL FLIGHT STABILIZATION CHECK Check stabilization in level flight using the pr...
Page 72 - Symmetrical Ground Returns; GMAP; Ground Return Indicating Misalignment (Upper Right)
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-22 10 5 15 20 AD- 17720- R1@ GMAP Symmetrical Ground Returns Figure 5- 19 10 5 15 20 AD- 17721- R1@ GMAP Ground Return Indicating Misalignment (Upper Right) Figure 5- 20
Page 73 - Ground Return Indicating Misalignment (Upper Left)
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-23 10 5 15 20 AD- 17722- R1@ GMAP Ground Return Indicating Misalignment (Upper Left) Figure 5- 21 ROLL STABILIZATION CHECK Once proper operation is established in level flight, verify stabilization in a turn using the procedu...
Page 74 - precession error (which would probably not; Roll Stabilization Inoperative
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-24 In prolonged turns, gyro precession can occur that is tracked by the stabilization system and appears as undesirable ground targets on the indicator. For example, a 1 ° precession error (which would probably not be noticed...
Page 75 - ROLL STABILIZATION CHECK
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-25 ROLL STABILIZATION CHECK You can make an in- flight adjustment when level flight stabilization errors are detected. This procedure is done by either the WC- 880 or WC- 884 Weather Radar Controller or the WI- 880 Weather Ra...
Page 76 - Push the STAB (STB) button to go to the next menu; In- flight Roll Offset Adjustment Procedure; Roll Offset Adjustment Display - Initial
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-26 Step Procedure 10 Push the STAB (STB) button to go to the next menu (pitch offset). NOTE: Once set, the roll compensation is stored in nonvolatile memory in the RTA. It is remembered when the system is powered down. In- fl...
Page 77 - Roll Offset Adjustment Display - Final
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-27 WX Roll Offset Adjustment Display - Final Figure 5- 24
Page 78 - PITCH OFFSET ADJUSTMENT
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-28 PITCH OFFSET ADJUSTMENT This in- flight adjustment in made in straight and level flight when the ground returns do not follow the contours of the radar display range arcs. The procedure is listed in table 5- 8. Step Proced...
Page 79 - ROLL GAIN ADJUSTMENT
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-29 ROLL GAIN ADJUSTMENT This in- flight adjustment is made in a bank when the ground returns do not remain symmetrical during turns. The procedure is listed in table 5- 9. Step Procedure 1 If two controllers are installed, on...
Page 80 - PITCH GAIN ADJUSTMENT
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-30 PITCH GAIN ADJUSTMENT This in- flight adjustment is made in a bank when the ground returns do not follow the contours of the range arcs during turns. The procedure is listed in table 5- 10. Step Procedure 1 If two controll...
Page 81 - INTERPRETING WEATHER RADAR IMAGES; From a weather standpoint, hail and turbulence are the principal; Weather Radar Images
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-31 INTERPRETING WEATHER RADAR IMAGES From a weather standpoint, hail and turbulence are the principal obstacles to a safe and comfortable flight. Neither of these conditions is directly visible on radar. The radar shows only ...
Page 83 - Radar and Visual Cloud Mass; As masses of warm, moist air are hurled upward to meet the colder air
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-33 RED LEVEL* 60 80 40 20 0 NAUTICAL MILES RAINF ALL RA TE AD- 12057- R2@ Radar and Visual Cloud Mass Figure 5- 26 As masses of warm, moist air are hurled upward to meet the colder air above, the moisture condenses and builds...
Page 84 - study the radar image of the squall line while closing in on the; Squall Line
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-34 To find a safe and comfortable route through the precipitation area, study the radar image of the squall line while closing in on the thunderstorm area. In the example shown in figure 5- 27, radar observation shows that th...
Page 85 - WEATHER DISPLAY CALIBRATION
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-35 WEATHER DISPLAY CALIBRATION Ground based radar observers of the National Weather Service (NWS) currently use video integrator processor (VIP) levels in reporting thunderstorm intensity levels. These radar echo intensity le...
Page 86 - Display Levels Related to VIP Levels (Typical)
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-36 DISPLAY LEVEL RAINFALL RATE MM/HR RAINFALL RATE IN./HR 4 (MAGENTA) GREATER THAN 50 GREATER THAN 2 3 (RED) 2 (YELLOW) 12 - 50 0.5 - 2 4 - 12 0.17 - 0.5 232 >300 >300 130 190 230 90 130 160 1 (GREEN) 1 - 4 0.04 - 0.17 ...
Page 87 - VARIABLE GAIN CONTROL; RAIN ECHO ATTENUATION COMPENSATION; Attenuation Compensation
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-37 VARIABLE GAIN CONTROL The PRIMUS â 880 Digital Weather Radar variable gain control is a single turn rotary control and a push/pull switch that is used to control the radar’s receiver gain. With the switch pushed in, the sy...
Page 88 - Cyan REACT Field
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-38 Honeywell has incorporated attenuation compensation that adjusts the receiver gain by an amount equal to the amount of attenuation. That is, the greater the amount of attenuation, the higher the receiver gain and thus, the...
Page 89 - With REACT Selected
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-39 With REACT Selected REACT REACT ON and OFF Indications Figure 5- 28
Page 90 - Shadowing; DO NOT FLY INTO THE SHADOW BEHIND THE CELL.; Turbulence Probability; THE AREAS OF TURBULENCE MAY NOT BE ASSOCIATED WITH
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-40 Shadowing An operating technique similar to the REACT blue field is shadowing. To use the shadowing technique, tilt the antenna down until ground is being painted just in front of the storm cell(s). An area of no ground re...
Page 91 - Probability of Turbulence Presence
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-41 Although penetrating a storm with a red (level three) core appears to be an acceptable risk, it is not. At the lower end of the red zone, there is no chance of extreme turbulence, a slight chance of severe turbulence, and ...
Page 92 - Turbulence Detection Theory; Pulse Pair Processing
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-42 Turbulence Detection Theory The PRIMUS â 880 Digital Weather Radar uses a turbulence detection technique called Pulse Pair Processing (PPP). The PPP technique used in the new PRIMUS â 880 Digital Weather Radar is adapted f...
Page 93 - vectors for the same range bin, that bin contains turbulence and is
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-43 With the very short time between radar pulses when in the turbulence mode (one pulse every .0008 second), little or no turbulence results in little or no change in the size or position of the raindrops. This results in lit...
Page 94 - Total Return Vector
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-44 Total Return Vector Figure 5- 30 AD- 17726- R1@ No Turbulence Figure 5- 31
Page 95 - Turbulent; Turbulence Detection Operation; Weather Display With Turbulence; mode other than WX is selected, turbulence detection turns off.
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-45 AD- 17727- R1@ TURBULENT Turbulent Figure 5- 32 Turbulence Detection Operation With the radar in the WX mode and with 50 miles or less range selected, pushing the TRB switch turns on the turbulence detection mode. Areas of...
Page 96 - THE PRIMUS
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-46 Mode annunciation for the turbulence detection mode is the /T legend that is added to the WX annunciation. The resultant annunciation is WX/T for weather and turbulence. The color bar legend on the dedicated radar indicato...
Page 97 - Turbulence Levels; Hail Size Probability; should be considered extremely hazardous and must not be
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-47 INTENSITY AIRCRAFT REACTION REACTION INSIDE AIRCRAFT LIGHT Turbulence that momentarily causes slight, erratic changes in altitude and/or attitude (pitch, roll, yaw). Occupants may feel a slight strain against seat belts or...
Page 98 - Spotting Hail; As previously stated, dry hail is a poor reflector, and therefore
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-48 RELA TIVE FREQUENCY 60% 40% 20% 0% 80% 100% 1/2”HAIL 1/4”HAIL 3/4”AND LAGER HAIL AD- 15358- R1@ LEVEL 2 YELLOW LEVEL 3 RED LEVEL 4 MAGENTA Hail Size Probability Figure 5- 35 Spotting Hail As previously stated, dry hail is ...
Page 99 - Rain Coming From Unseen Dry Hail
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-49 On reaching the tropopause, the hail is ejected from the storm and falls downward to a point where it is sucked back into the storm. When the hail falls below the freezing level, however, it begins to melt and form a thin ...
Page 100 - Familiar Hailstorm Patterns
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-50 U- SHAPE HOOK FINGER AD- 35713@ Familiar Hailstorm Patterns Figure 5- 37 The more that is learned about radar, the more the pilot is an all- important part of the system. The proper use of controls is essential to gatherin...
Page 101 - Overshooting a Storm; but the long- range setting shows the trap. Both the near and far
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-51 OVERFLYING A STORM HAIL AD- 12061- R1@ Overshooting a Storm Figure 5- 38 Another example of the pilot’s importance in helping the radar serve its safety/comfort purpose is shown in figure 5- 39. This is the blind alley or ...
Page 103 - Azimuth Resolution; Azimuth Resolution in Weather Modes
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-53 Azimuth Resolution When two targets, such as storms, are closely adjacent at the same range, the radar displays them as a single target, as shown in figure 5- 38. However, as the aircraft approaches the targets, they appea...
Page 104 - RADOME
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-54 RADOME Ice or water on the radome does not generally cause radar failure, but it hampers operation. The radome is constructed of materials that pass the radar energy with little attenuation. Ice or water increases the atte...
Page 105 - WEATHER AVOIDANCE; Figure 5- 41 illustrates a typical weather display in WX mode.; Weather Display
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-55 WEATHER AVOIDANCE Figure 5- 41 illustrates a typical weather display in WX mode. Recommended procedures when using the radar for weather avoidance are given in table 5- 12. The procedures are given in bold face, explanatio...
Page 111 - Typical Hook Pattern
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-61 N AD- 15560- R1@ Typical Hook Pattern Figure 5- 42 The hooks are located at the right rear side of the thunderstorm echo’s direction of movement (usually the southwest quadrant). The hook is not the tornado echo! A small s...
Page 112 - AVOID V- NOTCH BY 20 MILES; echo movement
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-62 There are many patterns on radar that resemble hook echoes but are not associated with severe weather. Severe weather hook echoes last at least 5 minutes and are less than 25 miles in diameter. The favored location for hoo...
Page 113 - AVOID PENDANT BY 20 MILES; STORM MOTION; The Classic Pendant Shape
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-63 AVOID PENDANT BY 20 MILES The pendant shape shown in figure 5- 44, represents one of the most severe storms - the supercell. One study concluded that, in supercells: D The average maximum size of hail is over 2 inches (5.3...
Page 114 - AVOID STEEP RAIN GRADIENTS BY 20 MILES; Figure 5- 45 shows steep rain gradients. Refer to the paragraph,; Rain Gradients; A crescent shaped echo, shown in figure 5- 46, with its tips pointing
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-64 AVOID STEEP RAIN GRADIENTS BY 20 MILES Figure 5- 45 shows steep rain gradients. Refer to the paragraph, Interpreting Weather Radar Images, this section, for a detailed explanation of weather images. Rain Gradients Figure 5...
Page 115 - Crescent Shape; Line Configurations; AVOID THUNDERSTORM ECHOES AT THE SOUTH END OF A; and are particularly hazardous for this reason. Breaks should be
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-65 10 20 30 40 50 AD- 22161- R1@ Crescent Shape Figure 5- 46 Line Configurations AVOID THUNDERSTORM ECHOES AT THE SOUTH END OF A LINE OR AT A BREAK IN A LINE BY 20 MILES The echo at the south end of a line of echoes is often ...
Page 116 - AVOID LINE ECHO WAVE PATTERNS (LEWP) BY 20 MILES
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-66 AVOID LINE ECHO WAVE PATTERNS (LEWP) BY 20 MILES One portion of a line may accelerate and cause the line to assume a wave- like configuration. Figure 5- 47 is an example of an LEWP. The most severe weather is likely at S ....
Page 117 - AVOID BOW- SHAPED LINE OF ECHOES BY 20 MILES; Sometimes a fast moving, broken to solid thunderstorm line will; Bow- Shaped Line of Thunderstorms
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-67 AVOID BOW- SHAPED LINE OF ECHOES BY 20 MILES Sometimes a fast moving, broken to solid thunderstorm line will become bow- shaped as shown in figure 5- 48. Severe weather is most likely along the bulge and at the north end, ...
Page 118 - Additional Hazards; TURBULENCE VERSUS DISTANCE FROM STORM CORE
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-68 Additional Hazards TURBULENCE VERSUS DISTANCE FROM STORM CORE The stronger the return, the further the turbulence will be encountered from the storm core at any altitude. Severe turbulence is often found in the tenuous anv...
Page 119 - GROUND MAPPING; Ground mapping operation is selected with the GMAP button An; Ground Mapping Display; narrowed and the receiver bandwidth is widened to enhance the
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-69 GROUND MAPPING Ground mapping operation is selected with the GMAP button An example of ground map display is shown in figure 5- 49. Turn the TILT control down until the desired amount of terrain is displayed. The degree of...
Page 120 - TILT Setting for Maximal Ground Target Display; The line of sight distance is nominal. Atmospheric conditions
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-70 RANGE SCALE (NM) ALTITUDE (FEET) 10 25 50 100 200 LINE OF SIGHT (NM) 40,000 35,00030,00025,00020,000 15,00010,000 5,000 4,000 3,0002,000 1,000 - 5 - 4 - 13 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - 4 - 5 - 5 - 5 - 5 - 6 - 8 - 6 - 6 - 5 - 10 -...
Page 121 - The line of sight distance is nominal. Atmospheric
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Radar Facts 5-71/(5-72 blank) RANGE SCALE (MILES) ALTITUDE (FEET) 5 10 25 50 100 200 LINE OF SIGHT (MILES) 40,000 35,00030,000 25,00020,000 15,00010,000 5,0004,000 3,0002,000 1,000 +1 +2 +2 - 1 - 3 - 5 - 7 - 12 - 7 - 2 - 1 0 +1 +2 +2 +2 +2...
Page 122 - Maximum Permissible Exposure; MPEL Boundary
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28-- 1146-- 102-- 03 REV 3 6-1/(6-2 blank) Maximum Permissible Exposure Level (MPEL) 6. Maximum Permissible Exposure Level (MPEL) Heating and radiation effects of weather radar can be hazardous to life. Personnel should remain at a distance greater than R f...
Page 124 - Test Mode With TEXT FAULTS Enabled
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 In- Flight Troubleshooting 7-2 NOTES: 1. FC installations with a radar indicator can display stored faults for the current power- on cycle and nine previous cycles. Installations with radar displayed on the electronic flight instrument sys...
Page 125 - Description; Pilot Message; Fault Data Fields; Fault Annunciation on Weather Indicator With TEXT FAULT
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 In- Flight Troubleshooting 7-3 Table 7- 1 describes the six fault data fields that are displayed in figure 7- 1. Field No. Description 1 Pilot Message 2 Line Maintenance Message 3 Fault Code/Power- on Code 4 Fault Name 5 Transmit ON/OFF 6 ...
Page 126 - Figure 7- 2 shows the fault codes displayed on EFIS with text faults; Fault Code on EFIS Weather Display
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 In- Flight Troubleshooting 7-4 Figure 7- 2 shows the fault codes displayed on EFIS with text faults disabled. AD- 35708- R1@ VOR1 VOR2 FAIL 22 HDG 319 25 15 DTRK 315 GSPD MAG1 321 TGT FMS1 130 NM V 260 KTS 50 Fault Code on EFIS Weather Dis...
Page 127 - Fault Code and Text Fault Relationships; Table 7- 2 lists the relationship between:; Text Faults
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 In- Flight Troubleshooting 7-5 Fault Code and Text Fault Relationships Table 7- 2 lists the relationship between: D Fault codes (FC) D Pilot/Maintenance Messages D Fault Name/type/description/cross reference (XREF). FC XREF FAULT DESCRIPTI...
Page 130 - Pilot Messages
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 In- Flight Troubleshooting 7-8 Table 7- 3 describes the pilot messages. Pilot MSG Description RADAR FAIL The radar is currently inoperable and should not be relied upon. It will need to be replaced or repaired at the next opportunity. RADA...
Page 131 - Honeywell Product Support
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28-- 1146-- 102-- 03 REV 3 8-1 Honeywell Product Support 8. Honeywell Product Support The Honeywell SPEX R program for corporate operators provides an extensive exchange and rental service that complements a worldwide network of support centers. An inventor...
Page 132 - CUSTOMER SUPPORT
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28-- 1146-- 102-- 03 REV 3 Honeywell Product Support 8-2 CUSTOMER SUPPORT Honeywell Aerospace Online Technical Publications Web Site Go to the Honeywell Online Technical Publications Web site at https://pubs.cas.honeywell.com/ to: D Download or view publica...
Page 133 - ABBREVIATION
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28-- 1146-- 102-- 03 REV 3 9-1 Abbreviations 9. Abbreviations Acronyms and abbreviations used in this guide are defined as follows: ABBREVIATION EQUIVALENT AC Advisory Circular ACT Altitude Compensated Tilt ADC Air Data Computer AFC Automatic Flight Control...
Page 136 - Federal Aviation Administration; This section contains a word- for- word transcription of the
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Advisory Circulars A- 1 Appendix A Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Advisory Circulars NOTE: This section contains a word- for- word transcription of the contents of the following FAA advisory cir...
Page 137 - Background; GENERAL
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Advisory Circulars A- 2 Background Dangers from ground operation of airborne weather radar include the possibility of human body damage and ignition of combustible materials by radiated energy. Low tol...
Page 138 - Personnel should be advised that when high power radar; COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS; Director of Airworthiness.
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Advisory Circulars A- 3 D Personnel should be advised that when high power radar transmitters are operated out of their protective cases, X- rays may be emitted. Stray X- rays may emanate from the glas...
Page 139 - SUBJECT: THUNDERSTORMS; SQUALL LINES
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Advisory Circulars A- 4 SUBJECT: THUNDERSTORMS Purpose This advisory circular describes the hazards of thunderstorms to aviation and offers guidance to help prevent accidents caused by thunderstorms. C...
Page 140 - TORNADOES
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Advisory Circulars A- 5 TORNADOES D The most violent thunderstorms draw into their cloud bases with great vigor. If the incoming air has any initial rotating motion, it often forms an extremely concent...
Page 141 - ICING; Schematic Cross Section of a Thunderstorm
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Advisory Circulars A- 6 ICING D Updrafts in a thunderstorm support abundant liquid water with relatively large droplet sizes; and when carried above the freezing level, the water becomes supercooled. W...
Page 142 - HAIL
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Advisory Circulars A- 7 HAIL D Hail competes with turbulence as the greatest thunderstorm hazard to aircraft. Supercooled drops above the freezing level begin to freeze. Once a drop has frozen, other d...
Page 143 - LIGHTNING
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Advisory Circulars A- 8 LIGHTNING A lightning strike can puncture the skin of an aircraft and can damage communication and electronic navigational equipment. Lightning has been suspected of igniting fu...
Page 144 - DO’S AND DON’TS OF THUNDERSTORM FLYING
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Advisory Circulars A- 9 Airborne weather avoidance radar is, as its name implies, for avoiding severe weather - not for penetrating it. Whether to fly into an area of radar echoes depends on echo inten...
Page 146 - Thunderstorm Research; RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TURBULENCE AND REFLECTIVITY
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Advisory Circulars A- 11 National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) Thunderstorm Research The NSSL has, since 1964, been the focal point of our thunderstorm research. In- flight conditions obtained from ...
Page 147 - TURBULENCE IN RELATION TO DISTANCE FROM THE STORM
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Advisory Circulars A- 12 TURBULENCE IN RELATION TO DISTANCE FROM THE STORM EDGE THE CLEAR AIR ON THE INFLOW SIDE OF A STORM IS A PLACE WHERE SEVERE TURBULENCE OCCURS. At the edge of a cloud, the mixing...
Page 149 - EXTRAPOLATION TO DIFFERENT CLIMBS
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28- 1146- 102- 00 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Advisory Circulars A- 14 EXTRAPOLATION TO DIFFERENT CLIMBS General comment: Severe storms are associated with an atmospheric stratification marked by large values of moisture in low levels, relative dr...
Page 150 - Appendix B; Terrain Alert; SYSTEM OPERATION
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28-- 1146-- 102-- 03 REV 3 B -- 1 Enhanced Ground-- Proximity Warning System (EGPWS) Use or disclosure of the information on this page is subject to the restrictions on the title page of this document. Appendix B Enhanced Ground-- Proximity Warning System (...
Page 152 - Related EGPWS System Operation; terrain alert
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28-- 1146-- 102-- 03 REV 3 B -- 3 Enhanced Ground-- Proximity Warning System (EGPWS) Use or disclosure of the information on this page is subject to the restrictions on the title page of this document. Related EGPWS System Operation Some installations may h...
Page 153 - EGPWS Display; green; EGPWS Obstacle Display Color Definitions
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28--1146--102--01 REV 1 Enhanced Ground--Proximity Warning System (EGPWS) B--4 EGPWS Display The EGPWS displays is shown as variable dot patterns in green , yellow , or red . The density and color is a function of how close the terrain is relative to the ai...
Page 154 - Figure B--1 shows the EGPWS over KPHX airport at 2000 feet mean; EHSI Display Over KPHX Airport
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28--1146--102--01 REV 1 B--5 Enhanced Ground--Proximity Warning System (EGPWS) Figure B--1 shows the EGPWS over KPHX airport at 2000 feet mean sea level heading north. The terrain shows the mountains to the north of Phoenix. AD--62964@ EHSI Display Over KPH...
Page 155 - EGPWS Test; When the EGPWS is selected for display, it can be tested. Push the; EGPWS Test Display
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28--1146--102--01 REV 1 Enhanced Ground--Proximity Warning System (EGPWS) B--6 EGPWS Test When the EGPWS is selected for display, it can be tested. Push the remote mounted EGPWS TEST button to display the test format shown in figure B--2. AD--63056@ EGPWS T...
Page 156 - Index
PRIMUS r 880 Digital Weather Radar System A28--1146--102--01 REV 1 Index Index--1 Index A Abbreviations, 9-1Accelerative error, 5-18Altitude compensated tilt, 5-16 C Categorizing storms, 5-35 D Dynamic error, 5-18 E Enhanced ground--proximity warning system (EGPWS), B--1 annunciators, B--2 FAIL, B--...