Page 2 - Important Usage Instructions
2 Intr oduction E Important Usage Instructions WARNING: TO REDUCE THE RISK OF FIRE OR ELECTRIC SHOCK, DO NOT EXPOSE THIS PRODUCT TO RAIN OR MOISTURE. Digital Video Camcorder, OPTURA20/OPTURA10 systems This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two condi...
Page 3 - IMPORTANT SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS
3 Intr oduction E IMPORTANT SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS In these safety instructions the word “product”refers to the Canon Digital Video CamcorderOPTURA20/OPTURA10 and all its accessories. 1. Read Instructions — All the safety and operating instructions should be readbefore the product is operated. 2. Retai...
Page 5 - Reference Guide; Digital Video Camcorder OPTURA20/OPTURA10 Instruction Manual; Trademark Acknowledgements
5 Intr oduction E Reference Guide The following manuals are supplied with the camcorder: ❍ Digital Video Camcorder OPTURA20/OPTURA10 Instruction Manual This manual explains the camcorder operations from basic video recording to the use of the full range of features. ❍ DIGITAL VIDEO SOLUTION DISK Sof...
Page 6 - Table of Contents; Introduction; Preparations; Using the Full Range of Features; General
6 Intr oduction E Table of Contents Introduction Reference Guide ..............................................................................................................5Thank You for Choosing a Canon ................................................................................9Introducing ...
Page 7 - Manual Adjustments; Editing
7 Intr oduction Manual Adjustments Adjusting the Focus Manually ....................................................................................76Adjusting Exposure Manually......................................................................................78Setting the Shutter Speed.............
Page 8 - Conventions Used in This Manual; Operating Modes
8 Intr oduction Conventions Used in This Manual Operating Modes Available functions depend upon the operating mode. It is indicated as follows: : Function can be used in this mode. : Function cannot be used in this mode. Other Symbols and References ❍ : Reference page number. ❍ : Functions to be ope...
Page 9 - Thank You for Choosing a Canon; Checking Supplied Accessories
9 Intr oduction E Thank You for Choosing a Canon The Canon OPTURA20/OPTURA10 provides a full range of options and functions. We recommend reading this manual thoroughly before you use the camcorder. It will help you to become more familiar with your camcorder, and learn how to operate it properly. W...
Page 10 - Introducing the OPTURA20/OPTURA10; Optical and
10 Intr oduction E Introducing the OPTURA20/OPTURA10 The OPTURA20 and OPTURA10incorporate a megapixel CCD, allowingrecording of high-resolution still imageson a memory card. Stabilizes your recordings even in longtelephoto shots. Allows recording even in dark places.The Night mode adjusts automatica...
Page 11 - Components Guide
11 Intr oduction E Components Guide OPTURA20/OPTURA10 Program selector (p. 55) POWER indicator Card access indicator (p. 105) TAPE/CARD switch (p. 8) EXP button (p. 78) REC SEARCH + button (p. 35) / (fast forward) button (p. 37) /CARD + button (p. 115) REC SEARCH – button (p. 35) / (record review) b...
Page 14 - WL-D79 Wireless Controller
14 Intr oduction E PHOTO button (p. 53, 105) D. EFFECTS (Digital effects) button (p. 59) START/STOP button (p. 28) SELF T. button (p. 68) TV SCREEN button (p. 140) DATA CODE button (p. 84) SEARCH SELECT button (p. 86) ZERO SET MEMORY button (p. 87) 12bit AUDIO OUT button (p. 99) AUDIO DUB. button (p...
Page 15 - Using a Household Power Source; Connect the power cord to the
15 Mastering the Basics E Using a Household Power Source You can operate the camcorder from a household power source using the supplied power adapter. The power adapter converts current from a power outlet (100-240 V AC, 50/60 Hz) to the DC current used by the camcorder. 1. Turn the POWER switch to ...
Page 16 - Attaching and Charging the Battery Pack; Attach the battery pack to the
16 Mastering the Basics E Attaching and Charging the Battery Pack Charge the battery pack with the supplied power adapter before you use thecamcorder for the first time and subsequently when the message “CHANGE THEBATTERY PACK” appears. 1. Turn the POWER switch to OFF. 2. Move the viewfinder upward....
Page 17 - Charging, Recording and Playback Time; Charging Time
17 Mastering the Basics Charging, Recording and Playback Time Below times are approximate and vary according to the charging, recording or playback conditions. Charging Time • Charge the battery pack in temperatures between 41º F and 104º F (5º C and 40º C).• A lithium ion battery pack can be charge...
Page 18 - Treat the battery pack with care.
How much power is left? The battery symbols indicate the charge status of the battery pack. When the battery pack is empty, “CHANGE THE BATTERY PACK” appears for 4 seconds and starts flashing. The battery charge indicators are not constant – they vary according to the condition under which battery p...
Page 19 - Installing the Backup Battery; Insert the lithium battery with the
19 Mastering the Basics E Installing the Backup Battery The backup battery allows the camcorder to retain date, time and other camcorder settings while the power source is disconnected. Power the camcorder from a household power source or with a battery pack when replacing the backup battery to reta...
Page 20 - Preparing the Camcorder; Adjusting the Viewfinder (Diopter Adjustment); Turn on the camcorder and keep the; Attaching the Lens Cap; Pass the grip belt through the loop; Fastening the Grip Belt
20 Mastering the Basics E Preparing the Camcorder Adjusting the Viewfinder (Diopter Adjustment) 1. Turn on the camcorder and keep the LCD panel closed to adjust theviewfinder. 2. Adjust the diopter adjustment lever. Do not leave the viewfinder exposed to direct sunlight as it may melt (due toconcent...
Page 21 - Attaching the Shoulder Strap; Lift the cover with your nail and; Insert the end into the accessory
21 Mastering the Basics E Attaching the Shoulder Strap For extra security and portability, attach the shoulder strap before using the camcorder. Pass the ends through the strap mountand adjust the length of the strap. Removing and Attaching the Accessory Shoe Cover Remove the accessory shoe cover wh...
Page 22 - Loading a Cassette; Loading and Unloading; mark on the cassette; Close the cassette compartment
22 Mastering the Basics E Loading a Cassette Use only videocassettes marked with the D logo. Loading and Unloading 1. Slide and hold the OPEN/EJECT switch and open the cassettecompartment cover. The cassette compartment opens automatically. 2. Load/unload the cassette. • Load the cassette with the w...
Page 23 - Protecting Tapes from Accidental Erasure
23 Mastering the Basics Protecting Tapes from Accidental Erasure To protect your recordings from accidental erasure, slide the tab on the cassette to the left. (This switch position is usually labeled SAVE or ERASE OFF.) If you load a protected cassette in CAMERA mode, the message “THE TAPE IS SET F...
Page 24 - Using the Wireless Controller; Inserting Batteries
24 Mastering the Basics E Using the Wireless Controller You can operate the camcorder with the supplied wireless controller from a distance of up to 16 feet (5 m). Point it at the camcorder’s remote sensor when you press the buttons. Following functions cannot be operated without the wireless contro...
Page 25 - Setting the Time Zone, Date and Time; Setting the Time Zone/Daylight Saving Time; Press the MENU button to open the menu.; Press the MENU button to close the menu.
25 Mastering the Basics E Setting the Time Zone, Date and Time Set the time zone, date and time when you first start using your camcorder. Install the backup battery before you begin ( 19). Setting the Time Zone/Daylight Saving Time 1. Press the MENU button to open the menu. 2. Turn the selector dia...
Page 26 - Setting the Date and Time
26 Mastering the Basics E ❍ Once you have set time zone, date and time, you do not need to reset theclock each time you travel to another time zone. Just set the time zone to theone of your destination, and the camcorder automatically adjusts the clock. ❍ Days per month and leap years will be automa...
Page 27 - Displaying Date and Time during Recording
27 Mastering the Basics 2. Turn the selector dial to select [SYSTEM] and press the selector dial. 3. Turn the selector dial to select [D/TIME SET] and press the selector dial. The year display starts to flash. 4. Turn the selector dial to select the year, and press the selector dial. • The next part...
Page 28 - Recording Movies on a Tape; Before You Begin Recording
28 Mastering the Basics E Recording Movies on a Tape You can use the LCD screen or the viewfinder when recording. Adjust the angle of the LCD panel or viewfinder for comfortable recording. Before You Begin Recording Make a test recording first to check if the camcorder operates correctly. Before you...
Page 29 - When You Have Finished Recording
29 Mastering the Basics When You Have Finished Recording 1. Turn the POWER switch to OFF. 2. Close the LCD panel and return the viewfinder to its original position. 3. Replace the lens cap. 4. Unload the cassette. 5. Disconnect the power source. When recording outdoors or through a window, do not le...
Page 30 - Zooming; Move the zoom lever toward
30 Mastering the Basics E Zooming The camcorder’s zoom lens allows you to choose the best picture angle for your recordings. The camcorder automatically switches between optical zooming and digital zooming. Image resolution is slightly lower with the digital zoom. 16 × Optical Zoom (Card: 15 × ) Mov...
Page 32 - Using the LCD Screen; Push the OPEN button at the LCD
32 Mastering the Basics E Using the LCD Screen 1. Push the OPEN button at the LCD panel and open the LCD panel. The LCD screen switches on and the viewfinder switches off. 2. Rotate the LCD panel and choose the angle of the screen. You can rotate the LCD panel so that the screen faces in the same di...
Page 33 - Adjusting the Brightness of the LCD Screen; Allowing the Subject to Monitor the LCD Screen
33 Mastering the Basics E Adjusting the Brightness of the LCD Screen 1. Press the MENU button to open the menu. 2. Turn the selector dial to select [DISPLAY SET UP] and press the selector dial. 3. Turn the selector dial to select [BRIGHTNESS] and press the selector dial. 4. Turn the selector dial an...
Page 35 - Searching and Reviewing when Recording; Record Review; Press and release the; Record Search
35 Mastering the Basics E Searching and Reviewing when Recording Record Review In record pause mode, this function allows you to review the last few seconds of your recording to check if it has been recorded properly. Press and release the c (record review) button. The camcorder rewinds the tape, pl...
Page 36 - Tips for Making Better Videos; Holding the Camcorder; Lean against a wall
36 Mastering the Basics E Tips for Making Better Videos Holding the Camcorder For maximum stability, grip the camcorder in your right hand and keep your right elbow pressed against your body. If necessary, support the camcorder with your left hand. Be careful that your fingers do not touch the micro...
Page 37 - Playing Back a Tape; button to rewind the; button to begin; t r
37 Mastering the Basics E Playing Back a Tape When you use the LCD screen for playback, the camcorder plays back the sound via built-in speaker. The built-in speaker is monaural. Use headphones for stereo sound or when using the viewfinder for playback. Preparations Connect a power source. Load a ca...
Page 38 - Special Playback Modes; a e; SLOW
38 Mastering the Basics E Special Playback Modes Special playback modes (except of playback pause and fast/rewind playback) can only be operated with the wireless controller. e / a (Playback Pause) To pause playback, press the e / a button. Press the e / a button to resume playback. The camcorder go...
Page 39 - Playing Back with the Built-in Speaker/Headphones; Adjusting the Volume
39 Mastering the Basics Playing Back with the Built-in Speaker/Headphones ❍ When using the built-in speaker, make sure that “ H ” is not displayed on the screen. When using the headphones, make sure that “ H ” is displayed. Change the setting as necessary ( 70). ❍ The built-in speaker does not sound...
Page 40 - Playing Back on a TV Screen; Turn off all devices before starting the connections.
40 Mastering the Basics E Playing Back on a TV Screen You can connect the camcorder to a TV or VCR to play back your recordings on a TV screen. ❍ Make sure that “ H ” is not displayed on the screen. If “ H ” is displayed, change the setting ( 70). ❍ When you use the TV as a monitor during recording,...
Page 41 - Connect the STV-250N Stereo Video Cable to the camcorder’s AV; TVs with Audio/Video Terminals
41 Mastering the Basics E 3. Connect the STV-250N Stereo Video Cable to the camcorder’s AV terminal and the audio terminals of the TV/VCR. Connect the white plug to the white AUDIO terminal L (left), and the red plug to the red AUDIO terminal R (right). Do not connect the yellow plug. 4. If connecti...
Page 42 - Selecting the Audio Output Channel
Selecting the Audio Output Channel You can select the output channels when playing back a tape with audio recorded on two channels. 1. Press the MENU button to open the menu. 2. Turn the selector dial to select [AUDIO SET UP] and press the selector dial. 3. Turn the selector dial to select [OUTPUT C...
Page 43 - Menus and Settings; Selecting Menus and Settings
43 Using the Full Range of Featur es E Menus and Settings Many of the camcorder’s advanced functions are selected from menus that appear on the screen. Selecting Menus and Settings 1. Set the camcorder to the correct operating mode. 2. Press the MENU button to open the menu. 3. Turn the selector dia...
Page 44 - Menu and Default Settings
44 Using the Full Range of Featur es E Submenu Menu Item Setting Options \ CARD MIX MIX TYPE CARD CHROMA , CARD LUMI., 130 CAM. CHROMA, C. ANIMATION ANIMAT. TYPE CORNER , STRAIGHT, RANDOM 130 MIX LEVEL 130 CAMERA SET UP SHUTTER AUTO , 1/60, 1/100, 1/250, 1/500, 1/1000, 79 1/2000, 1/4000, 1/8000 D. Z...
Page 48 - Changing the Remote Sensor Mode; Turning the Remote Sensor Off; On the camcorder, open the menu and select; On the wireless controller, press and hold the
48 Using the Full Range of Featur es E Changing the Remote Sensor Mode Two remote sensor modes and an off setting are available to prevent interference from other Canon wireless controllers being used nearby. Turning the Remote Sensor Off Open the menu and select [SYSTEM]. Select [WL.REMOTE], set it...
Page 49 - Customizing the Camcorder; Changing the My Camera Settings; Select the menu item you wish to change.
49 Using the Full Range of Featur es E Customizing the Camcorder You can personalize your camcorder by customizing the start-up image and the sound it makes for start-up, shutter, start/stop and self-timer (collectively called the My Camera settings). You can also create your own start-up image. See...
Page 50 - Other Camcorder Settings; Beep
50 Using the Full Range of Featur es E Other Camcorder Settings Beep You will hear a beep upon camcorder operations such as power on/off, start/stop, self- timer countdown, automatic shut-off, and unusual conditions of the camcorder. The beep will not be recorded. If you turn off the beep, all camco...
Page 51 - Demonstration Mode
51 Using the Full Range of Featur es Demonstration Mode The demonstration mode displays the camcorder’s main features. It starts automatically when you leave the camcorder turned on without loading a cassette and without inserting a memory card for more than 5 minutes. You can also start the demonst...
Page 53 - Recording Still Images on the Tape; In Record Pause Mode
53 Using the Full Range of Featur es E Recording Still Images on the Tape You can record still images on the tape. Starting your recording with a still image allows you to easily locate the beginning of the recording with the Photo Search function ( 86). You can also record still images on a memory ...
Page 54 - During Recording
54 Using the Full Range of Featur es During Recording 1. Press the PHOTO button fully. • The camcorder records the still image for approx. 6 seconds. During this time, the camcorder displays the still image and keeps recording the sound • The camcorder returns to record pause mode. ❍ When you turn t...
Page 55 - Using the Recording Programs; Availability of Functions in Each Mode:; Easy Recording Program; Program AE Modes; Auto
55 Using the Full Range of Featur es E Using the Recording Programs The camcorder is equipped with the Easy Recording program and several program AE modes. The availability of functions differs depending on the selected mode. Availability of Functions in Each Mode: A: Auto setting h : Available × : ...
Page 56 - Sports; Spotlight
56 Using the Full Range of Featur es E Sports Use this mode to record sports scenes (such as tennis or golf), moving objects (such as roller coasters) or when recording from a moving car. ❍ This mode is set at a high shutter speed and should therefore be used in sufficientlight. ❍ This mode is mainl...
Page 57 - Night
57 Using the Full Range of Featur es Night Use this mode to record in dark places. The shutter speed is adjusted automatically. It is useful when recording in places with changing light conditions (such as in amusement parks). ❍ Night mode cannot be used in CARD CAMERA mode. ❍ Moving subjects may le...
Page 58 - Selecting the Program AE Mode; Set the program selector to; Select a mode and press the selector dial.
58 Using the Full Range of Featur es Selecting the Program AE Mode 1. Set the program selector to Q . 2. Press the selector dial. A list of the program AE modes appears. 3. Select a mode and press the selector dial. The symbol of the mode appears on the upper left corner of the screen. (Auto) disapp...
Page 59 - Using Digital Effects; Availability of Digital Effects by Operating Modes:
59 Using the Full Range of Featur es E Using Digital Effects You can use the digital effects during recording and playback. Faders ( 60): Begin or end scenes with a fade to or from black. Effects ( 63): Add flavor to your recordings. Multi-image screen ( 65) Availability of Digital Effects by Operat...
Page 60 - Faders
60 Using the Full Range of Featur es Faders Fade Trigger (FADE-T) Wipe (WIPE) Corner Wipe (CORNER) Jump (JUMP) Flip (FLIP) E The image gradually fades in. The image gradually fades out. The image begins as a vertical line in the center and expands sideways until it fills the whole screen. The image ...
Page 62 - Selecting a Fader; button and begin playback by pressing the
62 Using the Full Range of Featur es Selecting a Fader 1. In CAMERA mode, set the program selector to Q . 2. Press the DIGITAL EFFECTS button. [D.EFFECTS | ], [FADER], [EFFECT] and [MULTI-S] appear. 3. Select [FADER]. 4. Select the fader option. 5. Press the DIGITAL EFFECTS button. The name of the s...
Page 63 - Effects
63 Using the Full Range of Featur es E Effects Art (ART) The image becomes like a paint (solarization). Black and White (BLK & WHT) The image becomes black and white. Sepia (SEPIA) The image becomes monochrome with a brownish tint. Mosaic (MOSAIC) The image is blurred through enlarging the size ...
Page 64 - Selecting an Effect; Selecting an Effect in CARD CAMERA Mode
64 Using the Full Range of Featur es Selecting an Effect 1. In CAMERA mode, set the program selector to Q . 2. Press the DIGITAL EFFECTS button. [D.EFFECTS OFF], [FADER], [EFFECT] and [MULTI-S] appear. 3. Select [EFFECT]. 4. Select the effect. 5. Press the DIGITAL EFFECTS button. The name of the sel...
Page 65 - Using the Multi-Image Screen; Selecting the Multi-Image Screen
65 Using the Full Range of Featur es E Using the Multi-Image Screen The multi-image screen captures moving subjects in 4, 9 or 16 sequences of still images with the Image Capture feature and displays them at one time. Sound will be recorded normally. This feature can be used in CAMERA and PLAY (VCR)...
Page 66 - Capturing
66 Using the Full Range of Featur es Capturing 10.Press the ON/OFF button. • MANUAL: Images will be captured each time you press the ON/OFF button. The blue frame indicating the next sequence disappears after the last image. To cancel the last captured image, press and hold the ON/OFF button. To can...
Page 67 - Turning Off the Image Stabilizer
67 Using the Full Range of Featur es E Turning Off the Image Stabilizer The image stabilizer allows you to obtain steady recordings even at telephoto. There is no need to turn off the image stabilizer during normal recording. However, the camcorder tries to compensate for horizontal movements and yo...
Page 68 - Recording With the Self-Timer; When recording movies
68 Using the Full Range of Featur es E Recording With the Self-Timer 1. Press the (self-timer) button. “ ” appears. When recording movies 2. Press the start/stop button. The camcorder starts recording after a 10-second countdown (2 seconds when using the wireless controller). The count down appears ...
Page 69 - Audio Recording; Changing the Audio Mode; Recording with an External Microphone; Wind Screen
69 Using the Full Range of Featur es E Audio Recording Changing the Audio Mode You can record sound in two audio modes—16-bit and 12-bit. The 12-bit mode records sound on two channels (stereo 1), leaving 2 channels free (stereo 2) for adding new sound later. Select the 16-bit mode for higher sound q...
Page 70 - Switching the AV/Headphones Terminal
70 Using the Full Range of Featur es ❍ Low sound may be reduced together with the wind noise. We recommendturning off the wind screen for normal recordings. ❍ The wind screen function cannot be turned on/off during recording. ❍ The wind screen function can also be used for audio dubbing (when [AUDIO...
Page 71 - Slide the video light into the; Set the camcorder to CAMERA or
71 Using the Full Range of Featur es E Using the VL-3 Video Light (Optional) This video light enables you to record brightly in color even in dark places. This VL-3 Video Light attaches to the camcorder’s advanced accessory shoe for cable-free operation and is powered by the camcorder’s power supply...
Page 72 - Attaching the Video Flash Light; Slide the video flash light into the
72 Using the Full Range of Featur es E Using the VFL-1 Video Flash Light (Optional) The VFL-1 Video Flash Light allows you to record still images and movies even at night or in dark places. This video flash light attaches to the camcorder’s advanced accessory shoe for cable-free operation and is pow...
Page 73 - Using the Video Flash Light as Flash; Selecting the Flash Mode
73 Using the Full Range of Featur es E Using the Video Flash Light as Flash Selecting the Flash Mode 1. Set the camcorder to CAMERA or CARD CAMERA mode. 2. Set the video flash light’s POWER switch to ON. 3. Open the menu and select [CAMERA SET UP]. Select [FLASH], select a setting option and close t...
Page 74 - Using the Video Flash Light as Video Light; Set the camcorder to CAMERA or CARD CAMERA mode.
74 Using the Full Range of Featur es ❍ The red-eye reduction mode cannot be used in stitch assist mode. ❍ The flash cannot be used in Night and Super Night (OPTURA20) mode. ❍ The flash will not fire in the following cases: - When you press the EXP button in [AUTO ] or [RED-EYE ] mode. - When a shutt...
Page 75 - Slide the microphone into the
75 Using the Full Range of Featur es E Using the DM-50 Microphone (Optional) The high sensitive Directional Stereo Microphone DM-50 attaches to the advanced accessory shoe for cable-free operation and is powered by the camcorder’s power supply. Use it for recording or dubbing audio. Refer also to th...
Page 76 - Adjusting the Focus Manually; Turn the focus ring to adjust the focus.; Press the FOCUS button to return to autofocus.
76 Using the Full Range of Featur es E Adjusting the Focus Manually Autofocus may not work well on the following subjects: 1. Set the program selector to Q . 2. Adjust the zoom. When you operate the zoom after adjusting the focus, the subject may not stay in focus. Adjust the zoom before the focus. ...
Page 77 - Infinity Focus; Press the focus button more than 3 seconds in step 3.; Turning Off the AF-Assist Lamp
77 Using the Full Range of Featur es E Infinity Focus Use this function when you wish to focus on faraway subjects such as mountains or fireworks. Press the focus button more than 3 seconds in step 3. “MF ∞ ” appears. When you operate the zoom or turn the focus ring, “ ∞ ” disappears and the camcord...
Page 78 - Adjusting Exposure Manually; Exposure Lock; Exposure Adjustment
78 Using the Full Range of Featur es E Adjusting Exposure Manually Exposure Lock You can lock the exposure when recording in situations where the lighting may change suddenly to control the brightness of the image. 1. Set the program selector to Q . 2. Press the EXP button. • “E.LOCK ±0” appears on ...
Page 79 - Setting the Shutter Speed
79 Using the Full Range of Featur es E Setting the Shutter Speed In the (Auto) mode, you can adjust the shutter speed manually to make stable shots of fast moving subjects. 1. Set the program selector to Q . 2. Set the program AE mode to the [ AUTO] mode. 3. Open the menu and select [CAMERA SET UP]....
Page 81 - Setting the White Balance
81 Using the Full Range of Featur es E Setting the White Balance The camcorder’s auto white balance system adjusts the colors to appear natural for different lighting conditions. However, you can use the preset modes to reproduce colors more accurately, or set a custom white balance to obtain the op...
Page 82 - For; For Custom White Balance:
82 Using the Full Range of Featur es E For T (Indoor) or U (Outdoor) Setting: 1. Set the program selector to Q . 2. Open the menu and select [CAMERA SET UP]. 3. Select [WHITE BAL.]. 4. Select [INDOOR T ] or [OUTDOOR U ]. “ T ” or “ U ” appears. 5. Close the menu. For Custom White Balance: 1. Set the...
Page 83 - Magnifying the Image; Move the zoom lever toward
83 Using the Full Range of Featur es E Magnifying the Image The playback image can be magnified up to 5 times. 1. Move the zoom lever toward T . • The image is magnified by 2 times. • To further enlarge the image, move the zoom lever toward T . To shrink the image below 2 times magnification, move t...
Page 84 - Displaying the Data Code
84 Using the Full Range of Featur es E Displaying the Data Code Once date and time are set, the camcorder maintains a data code containing recording date and time and other camera data such as shutter speed and exposure (f-stop). Only date and time appear when playing back a memory card. ❍ The data ...
Page 85 - Selecting the Date/Time Display Combination; Press the DATA CODE button.
85 Using the Full Range of Featur es E Selecting the Date/Time Display Combination Open the menu and select [DISPLAY SET UP]. Select [D/TIME SEL.], set it to[DATE] or [TIME] and close the menu. Selecting the Data Code Display Combination Open the menu and select [DISPLAY SET UP]. Select [DATA CODE],...
Page 86 - Photo Search/Date Search; Press the SEARCH SELECT button to choose between
86 Using the Full Range of Featur es E Photo Search/Date Search You can search for a still image recorded anywhere on the tape with the photo search function, or locate the change of the date/time zone with the date search function. 1. Press the SEARCH SELECT button to choose between photo search an...
Page 87 - Returning to a Pre-marked Position; Press the ZERO SET MEMORY button at the point; When you have finished playback, fast forward or
87 Using the Full Range of Featur es E Returning to a Pre-marked Position If you wish to return to a particular scene later, mark the point with the zero set memory and the tape will stop at that point when you rewind/fast forward the tape. 1. Press the ZERO SET MEMORY button at the point you wish t...
Page 88 - Recording to a VCR or Digital Video Device; Example: Recording to a VCR; Connected device: Begin recording when the scene you wish to copy
88 Editing E Recording to a VCR or Digital Video Device You can copy your recordings by connecting the camcorder to a VCR or a digital video device. If you connect a digital video device, you can copy recordings with virtually no generation loss in image and sound quality. When connecting a VCR: ❍ M...
Page 89 - Connecting a Digital Video Device
89 Editing Connecting a Digital Video Device Refer also to the instruction manual of the digital video device. E Side with an arrow Commercially available DV cable Signal flow
Page 90 - Connect the camcorder to the analog video device.; button when the scene you wish to
90 Editing E Recording from Analog Video Devices (VCR, TV or Camcorder) You can record videos or TV programs from a VCR or analog camcorder on the tape in the camcorder. ❍ Anomalous signals sent from the connected device may be recorded asanomalous picture (although it may not appear so on the scree...
Page 91 - Connect the camcorder to the digital video device.
91 Editing E Recording from Digital Video Devices (DV Dubbing) You can record from other digital video devices equipped with a DV terminal with virtually no loss in picture and sound quality. ❍ When recording from digital video devices, make sure that “AV \ DV” is not displayed on the screen. If “AV...
Page 92 - Copyright Signal
92 Editing Copyright Signal Certain software tapes are copyright protected. If you attempt to play back such tape, “COPYRIGHT PROTECTED PLAYBACK IS RESTRICTED” appears and you will not be able to view the contents of the tape. If you attempt to record from such tape via the DV terminal, “COPYRIGHT P...
Page 93 - Connecting the Devices
93 Editing E Converting Analog Signals into DigitalSignals (Analog-Digital Converter) By connecting the camcorder to a VCR or 8mm video camcorder, you can convert analog video/audio signals to digital signals and output the digital signals via the DV terminal. The DV terminal serves as output termin...
Page 94 - Turning On the Analog-Digital Converter; Press the AV
94 Editing Turning On the Analog-Digital Converter Press the AV \ DV button on the wireless controller. OR Open the menu and select [VCR SET UP]. Select [AV \ DV OUT], set it to [ON] and close the menu. ❍ For normal use, set [AV \ DV OUT] to [OFF] (so that “AV \ DV” does not appear on the screen). I...
Page 97 - Connecting an Audio Device
97 Editing E Audio Dubbing You can add sound from audio devices (AUDIO IN) or with the built-in or an external microphone (MIC. IN). ❍ Use only tapes recorded in SP mode 12-bit audio sound with this camcorder.Audio dubbing will stop if the tape has a blank section or a section recorded inLP mode, 16...
Page 98 - Using a Microphone; Locate the scene you wish audio dubbing to start.; button on the wireless controller
98 Editing E Using a Microphone ❍ When using the built-in microphone: Do not connect any cables to themicrophone terminal or the accessory shoe. ❍ When using an external microphone: Connect it to the microphone terminal. ❍ When using the DM-50 Microphone: Do not connect any cables to themicrophone t...
Page 99 - Playing Back the Added Sound; select a setting and close the menu.
99 Editing E 7. Press the STOP 3 button on the wireless controller to stop dubbing. Audio device: Stop playback. Set the zero set memory at the end of the scene you wish to dub audio. Thecamcorder will automatically stop audio dubbing at that point. Playing Back the Added Sound You can select to pla...
Page 100 - Connecting to a Computer Using a DV (IEEE1394) Cable; DV NETWORK SOLUTION DISK (Windows XP Users)
100 Editing E Connecting to a Computer Using a DV (IEEE1394) Cable You can transfer recordings to a computer equipped with a DV (IEEE1394) terminal or IEEE1394 capture board (optional software required). ❍ Do not disconnect the DV cable, or turn off the camcorder or computer whiledata is being trans...
Page 101 - Inserting and Removing the Memory Card; Inserting the Card; Insert the memory card all the way; Removing the Card; Remove the memory card.
101 Using a Memory Car d E Inserting and Removing the Memory Card You can use SD Memory Cards or a commercially available MultiMediaCards with this camcorder. The SD Memory Card has a protect switch for prevent accidental erasure. ❍ This camcorder is compatible with SD Memory Cards or MultiMediaCard...
Page 102 - Selecting the Image Quality/Size; Changing the Still Image Quality; Changing the Still Image Size
102 Using a Memory Car d E Selecting the Image Quality/Size Changing the Still Image Quality You can choose between Superfine, Fine and Normal. Open the menu and select [CARD SET UP]. Select [SI QUALITY], set it to[SUPER FINE] or [NORMAL] and close the menu. Changing the Still Image Size You can cho...
Page 103 - Changing the Movie Size; File Numbers; CONTINUOUS; RESET
103 Using a Memory Car d E ❍ The indication may not decrease even though a recording has been made, ormay decrease by 2 images at once. ❍ All indicators are displayed in green when a memory card is played back. ❍ The remaining image capacity indicates the number of still images, even whenmovies are ...
Page 105 - Recording Still Images on a Memory Card; Recording with the Camcorder; Set the camcorder to CARD CAMERA mode.
105 Using a Memory Car d E Recording Still Images on a Memory Card You can record still images with the camcorder, from a tape in the camcorder ( 108) or from devices connected via the DV terminal or AV terminal ( 109). ❍ Do not turn off the camcorder, disconnect the power source or remove thememory...
Page 106 - Selecting the Focusing Point
106 Using a Memory Car d 3. Press the PHOTO button fully. • F disappears and you hear a shutter sound. • The card access indicator flashes and the card access display appears. • The still image shown on the screen will be recorded on the memory card. ❍ To use the self-timer ( 68), press the (self-ti...
Page 107 - Turning Off the Focus-Priority Mode; Release the PHOTO button to end recording.
107 Using a Memory Car d E ❍ The focusing point can be selected only when Focus-Priority is set to [ON] inCARD CAMERA mode. The focusing point returns to the center if you turn offthe camcorder, change from CARD CAMERA mode or move the programselector to [ . ❍ The focusing point cannot be selected i...
Page 108 - Auto Exposure Bracketing; Recording from a Tape in the Camcorder; Press the PHOTO button halfway when the scene you wish to record
108 Using a Memory Car d E ❍ The setting resets to [SINGLE] when you turn the camcorder off. ❍ Maximum number of continuous shots at one time (at 16 MB or moreavailable capacity): *These figures are approximate and vary with the recording conditions and subjects. ❍ If you attach the optional VFL-1 V...
Page 109 - Recording from Other Video Devices; Connect the camcorder to the video device.; Connected device: Load a recorded cassette and play back the tape.
109 Using a Memory Car d E 4. Press the PHOTO button fully. • The card access indicator flashes. • The still image shown on the screen will be recorded on the memory card. • You can also record a still image by pressing the PHOTO button fully when the tape is in playback pause mode. ❍ A still image ...
Page 111 - Recording Panoramic Images (Stitch Assist Mode); When Recording in Stitch Assist Mode:; button after the last image.
111 Using a Memory Car d E Recording Panoramic Images (Stitch Assist Mode) You can shoot a series of overlapping images and merge them into one large panoramic scene using the supplied software (PhotoStitch) on a computer. When Recording in Stitch Assist Mode: PhotoStitch detects the overlapping por...
Page 113 - Recording Motion JPEG Movies on a Memory Card
113 Using a Memory Car d E Recording Motion JPEG Movies on a Memory Card You can record Motion JPEG movies with the camcorder, from a tape in the camcorder ( 114), or from devices connected via the AV terminal (analog line-in) or the DV terminal ( 114). ❍ Do not turn off the camcorder, disconnect th...
Page 115 - Playing Back a Memory Card; Single Image Display
115 Using a Memory Car d E Playing Back a Memory Card You can play back memory card images on the LCD screen, viewfinder screen, or on a connected TV screen (see Playing Back on a TV Screen 40). You can display a single image (single image display), 6 at one time (index screen 116), or one after ano...
Page 116 - Index Screen; In single image display, press the INDEX SCREEN; Slide Show; In single image display, press the SLIDE SHOW
116 Using a Memory Car d E Index Screen 1. In single image display, press the INDEX SCREEN button. • Up to 6 images appear. • Movies are displayed with the first scene as a still image indicated by “ ”. 2. Press the CARD +/– button to change the image selection. 3. Move the mark to the image you wis...
Page 117 - Card Jump Function
117 Using a Memory Car d E Card Jump Function You can locate still images/movies without displaying them one by one. The number in the upper right of the screen indicates the image number of the current image by the total number of images. In single image display, press and hold the CARD + orCARD – ...
Page 118 - Protecting Images; Protecting during Single Image Display; Press the selector dial to open the FILE OPERATION menu.; Protecting during Index Screen Display; Select the image you wish to protect and press the selector dial.
118 Using a Memory Car d E Protecting Images You can protect important images from accidental erasure during single image display or index screen display. If a memory card is formatted, all images, even protected ones, will be erasedpermanently. ❍ The sample images recorded on the supplied SD Memory...
Page 119 - Erasing Images; Erasing a Single Image; Erasing a Single Image/All Images
119 Using a Memory Car d E Erasing Images You can erase images singly or all at once. Be careful when erasing images. Erased images cannot be recovered. ❍ Protected images cannot be erased. ❍ Movies can only be erased when the first or last scene is displayed as a stillimage. They cannot be erased i...
Page 120 - Selecting Still Images for Printing (Print Order); Selecting in Single Image Display; Select the still image you wish to print.; Selecting in Index Screen Display; Set the number of copies with the selector dial and close the menu.
120 Using a Memory Car d E Selecting Still Images for Printing (Print Order) You can select still images for printing and set the number of copies. These print order settings are compatible with the Digital Print Order Format (DPOF) standards. ❍ Make sure to insert a memory card that contains images...
Page 121 - Erasing All Print Orders
121 Using a Memory Car d E Erasing All Print Orders 1. In single image display, open the menu and select [CARD OPERATIONS]. 2. Select [ PRINT ORDERS ALL ERASE]. “ERASE ALL PRINT ORDERS?”, [NO] and [YES] appears. 3. Select [YES]. All “ ” disappear. 4. Select [ b RETURN] to close the menu. CARD PLAY (...
Page 122 - Printing with the Direct Print Function; Connecting the Printer to the Camcorder; Connect a power source to the printer and turn on the printer.
122 Using a Memory Car d E Printing with the Direct Print Function You can print still images by connecting the camcorder to a printer with Direct Print function. The Direct Print function can also be used with the print order settings ( 120). ❍ Observe the following precautions during printing, oth...
Page 123 - Printing; Selecting the Number of Copies
123 Using a Memory Car d E 3. Set the camcorder to CARD PLAY (VCR) mode. Wait until the card access indicator stops flashing. 4. Connect the camcorder to the printer using the cable. ” ” appears when the printer is properly connected to the camcorder. (Does not appear with movies, or still images th...
Page 124 - Setting the Print Style; Card Photo Printer: Selecting the Image Style; In the print setting menu, turn the selector dial to
124 Using a Memory Car d E Setting the Print Style Card Photo Printer: Bubble Jet Printer: Card Photo Printer: Selecting the Image Style 1. In the print setting menu, turn the selector dial to select [Style] and press the selector dial. 2. Make sure that is selected and press the selector dial. 3. T...
Page 125 - Bubble Jet Printer: Selecting the Paper Size; Selecting the Borders
125 Using a Memory Car d E Bubble Jet Printer: Selecting the Paper Size 1. In the print setting menu, turn the selector dial to select [Style] and press the selector dial. 2. Make sure that is selected and press the selector dial. 3. Turn the selector dial to select the paper size and press the sele...
Page 126 - Trimming Settings; Change the size of the trimming frame.
126 Using a Memory Car d E Trimming Settings Set the print style before you start with the trimming settings. 1. In the print setting menu, select [Trimming] and press the selector dial. The trimming frame appears. 2. Change the size of the trimming frame. • Move the zoom lever toward T to shrink th...
Page 127 - Printing with Print Order Settings; Connect the printer to the camcorder (
127 Using a Memory Car d E Printing with Print Order Settings You can print still images you have selected with the Print Order function. If you wishto print more than 1 copy, set the number of copies in the print order ( 120). When printing with print order settings, you can select the print style ...
Page 128 - Card Mix Effects
128 Using a Memory Car d E Combining Images (Card Mix) You can produce effects not possible with just a tape with the Card Mix function. Choose one of the sample images provided on the supplied SD Memory Card (such as picture frames, backgrounds and animations) and combine it with the live video rec...
Page 130 - Selecting the Card Mix Effect; Select the image you wish to combine with the; Activating the Card Mix Effect
130 Using a Memory Car d E Selecting the Card Mix Effect 1. Set the program selector to Q . 2. Open the menu and select [ \ CARD MIX]. The card mix menu appears. 3. Select the image you wish to combine with the CARD +/– button. 4. Select [MIX TYPE]. [CARD CHROMA], [CARD LUMI.], [CAM. CHROMA] and [C....
Page 131 - Recording with the Card Mix Effect
131 Using a Memory Car d E Recording with the Card Mix Effect Movie: 1. Press the start/stop button to begin recording. The combined image is recorded on the tape. 2. Press the start/stop button to end recording. Still Image: 1. Press the PHOTO button halfway. F flashes in white and turns green when...
Page 132 - Copying Still Images; Copying Still Images from Tape to Memory Card; shortly before the still image.
132 Using a Memory Car d E Copying Still Images You can copy still images from tape to memory card, or from memory card to tape. ❍ All still images from the selected still image onward will be copied. ❍ The size of a still image copied from tape to memory card will be 640 × 480. ❍ The data code of t...
Page 133 - Copying Still Images from Memory Card to Tape; Select the first still image you wish to copy with the
133 Using a Memory Car d E Copying Still Images from Memory Card to Tape Load a cassette with enough free space, and insert a recorded memory card. Make sure that the protect tab on the cassette is set to allow recording. 1. Select the first still image you wish to copy with the CARD +/– buttons. To...
Page 134 - Formatting a Memory Card
134 Using a Memory Car d E Formatting a Memory Card Format new memory cards, or when you get the message “CARD ERROR”. You can also format a memory card to erase all images recorded on it. The camcorder formats memory cards in the Design rule for Camera File system (DCF) standard. ❍ Formatting a mem...
Page 135 - Connecting to a Computer Using a USB Cable
135 Using a Memory Car d E Connecting to a Computer Using a USB Cable You can download images from the memory card to a computer using the supplied USB cable. With the supplied software, you can easily download, browse and archive images, and arrange still images for printout. For instructions on ho...
Page 136 - Creating a Start-up Image; Setting the Still Image as Start-up Image
136 Using a Memory Car d E Creating a Start-up Image You can create a start-up image using a still image on the memory card or a sample start-up image provided on the DIGITAL VIDEO SOLUTION DISK and save it as [MY IMAGE1] or [MY IMAGE2]. ❍ Make sure to insert a memory card with enough remaining capa...
Page 137 - Memory Card Information; Memory Card Handling Precautions
137 Using a Memory Car d E Memory Card Information Images recorded on a memory card with this camcorder can be transferred to a computer using the following products for SD Memory Cards or MultiMediaCards: PC Card Adapter: An adapter to insert a memory card into the card slot on the computer. USB Re...
Page 138 - Sample Images; Card Chroma Key
138 Using a Memory Car d E Sample Images 27 sample images are pre-recorded on the supplied SD Memory Card: 8 card chroma key images, 5 card luminance key images, 2 camera chroma key images and 12 card animation images. Card Chroma Key Card Luminance Key Camera Chroma Key Card Animation
Page 140 - Screen Displays; LCD Screen Displays; TV Screen Displays; Press the TV SCREEN button on the wireless controller.
140 Additional Information E Screen Displays LCD Screen Displays You can hide the displays on the LCD screen to have a clear screen for playback. Open the menu and select [DISPLAY SET UP]. Select [DISPLAYS], set it to[OFF <PLAYBK>] and close the menu. • The LCD screen will become completely bl...
Page 141 - Screen Displays during Basic Recording/Playback
141 Additional Information E Screen Displays during Basic Recording/Playback indicates flashing. CAMERA mode (battery pack attached): • Remote sensor mode and audio mode disappear after 4 seconds. PLAY (VCR) mode: • Remote sensor mode and volume bar disappear after 4 seconds. STEREO1 1:23:45:00 END ...
Page 142 - Screen Displays during Advanced Recording/Playback
142 Additional Information E PLAY (VCR) Mode Screen Displays during Advanced Recording/Playback 1/100 CARD MIXFADE–T 12bit 16:9 1sec PHOTO WS ON 12:00 PMJAN.1,2003 T W P S E.LOCKMF 0 Zoom ( 30) Recording mode ( 52) Self-timer ( 68)Headphones ( 70) Wind screen ( 69) 16:9 mode ( 50)Photo mode ( 53) Ac...
Page 143 - CARD CAMERA Mode
143 Additional Information E CARD CAMERA Mode 1/100 1 2 CLOSE 12:00 PMJAN.1,2003 T W E.LOCK MF 0 S.FINE 50 320 1280 Accessory attached tothe Advanced Accessory shoe ( 71) 1sec Still image quality ( 102) Movie size ( 103) Still image size ( 102) Remaining card capacity ( 102) Stitch assist ( 111) Zoo...
Page 144 - List of Messages
144 Additional Information E List of Messages Message Explanation You have not set the time zone, date and time. This message appears each time you turn the power on until you set the time zone, date and time. Battery pack is exhausted. Replace or charge the battery pack. Cassette is protected. Repl...
Page 145 - Memory Card Related Messages
145 Additional Information E Message Explanation Memory card not is inserted into the camcorder. SD Memory Card is set for erasure prevention. Replace the card or change the position of the protect switch. No images are recorded on the memory card. A memory card error occurred. The camcorder cannot ...
Page 146 - Direct Print Related Messages
146 Additional Information E Direct Print Related Messages Message Explanation Paper cassette is not correctly inserted or is out of paper. The paper jammed during printing. The ink cartridge is not inserted or is out of ink. There is a problem with the ink cassette. The printer battery is depleted....
Page 147 - Maintenance; Camcorder Handling Precautions; Cleaning; Camcorder Body and Lens; LCD Screen
147 Additional Information E Maintenance Camcorder Handling Precautions ❍ Do not carry the camcorder by the LCD panel or viewfinder. ❍ Do not leave the camcorder in places subject to high temperatures, such as a sun- heated car, and high humidity. ❍ Do not use the camcorder in places subject to magn...
Page 148 - Video Heads; Condensation; Condensation may form in the following cases:
148 Additional Information E ❍ At cold temperatures, the screen may be darker than usual. This is not a malfunction. The screen returns to normal when the camcorder warms up. Video Heads ❍ When the message “HEADS DIRTY, USE CLEANING CASSETTE” appears, or when the playback picture becomes distorted, ...
Page 149 - When condensation is detected:; Using the Camcorder Abroad; Power Sources
149 Additional Information E When condensation is detected: ❍ The camcorder stops operating and the warning message “CONDENSATION HAS BEEN DETECTED” appears for approx. 4 seconds and h starts flashing. ❍ If a cassette is loaded, the warning message “REMOVE THE CASSETTE” appears and v starts flashing...
Page 150 - Troubleshooting; Power Source
150 Additional Information E Troubleshooting If you have a problem with your camcorder, refer to this checklist. Consult your dealer or a Canon Service Center if the problem persists. Power Source Recording/Playback Problem Cause Solution Battery pack is exhausted. Battery pack is not correctly atta...
Page 151 - Recording
151 Additional Information E Recording Playback Problem Cause Solution Camcorder is not set to CAMERA mode. Time zone, date and time are not set, or the backup battery is exhausted. Camcorder is turned off. Cassette is not loaded. Tape reached the end ( flashes on the screen). Cassette is protected ...
Page 152 - Memory Card Operation
152 Additional Information E Memory Card Operation Problem Cause Solution Memory card was not facing the correct direction. Memory card is full. Memory card is not formatted. Memory card is not inserted. File number reached maximum value. SD Memory Card is protected. Camcorder is not set to CARD PLA...
Page 153 - System Diagram
153 Additional Information E System Diagram (Availability differs from area to area) * Charging with the CA-920 Compact Power Adapter or CH-910 Dual Battery Charger/Holder (both optional) MultiMediaCard IFC-300PCU USB Cable Canon printers withdirect print function PC Card Adapter USB Reader/Writer F...
Page 154 - Optional Accessories; BP-500 Series Battery Packs
154 Additional Information E Optional Accessories Call or visit your local retailer/dealer for genuine Canon video accessories. You can also obtain genuine accessories for your Canon camcorder by calling: 1-800-828-4040, Canon U.S.A. Information Center. BP-500 Series Battery Packs When you need extr...
Page 155 - VL-10Li Battery Video Light
155 Additional Information E WD-H37 Wide-converter This lens decreases focal length by a factor of 0.7, giving you a wide perspective for indoor shots or panoramic views. FS-H37U Filter Set Neutral density and MC protector filters help you to control difficult lighting conditions. VL-10Li Battery Vi...
Page 156 - SC-A50 Soft Carrying Case
156 Additional Information E SC-1000 Soft Carrying Case A handy camcorder bag with padded compartments and plenty of space for accessories. SC-A50 Soft Carrying Case This lightweight bag keeps the camcorder within easy reach without weighing you down or getting in the way. This mark identifies genui...
Page 157 - Specifications
157 Additional Information E Specifications OPTURA20/OPTURA10 7.4 V DC OPTURA20: 3.4 W (using viewfinder), 4.6 W (using LCD screen)OPTURA10: 3.4 W (using viewfinder), 4.4 W (using LCD screen) EIA standard (525 lines, 60 fields) NTSC color signal 2 rotary heads, helical scanning DV system (Consumer d...
Page 158 - SDC-8M SD Memory Card; CA-570 Compact Power Adapter
158 Additional Information E Weight and dimensions are approximate. Errors and omissions excepted. Subject to change without notice. SDC-8M SD Memory Card 8 MB SD Memory Card standard 32 – 104˚F (0 – 40˚C) 1.3 × 0.94 × 0.08 in. (32 × 24 × 2.1 mm) 0.07 oz. (2 g) Capacity: Interface: Operating tempera...
Page 159 - Index
159 Additional Information E Index 12bit audio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9916:9 wide screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506-second auto date . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Abroad, using the camcorder . . . 149Accessories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 154Advanced accessory shoe . . . . 71-7...
Page 161 - CANON
161 Additional Information E CANON ® OPTURA20/OPTURA10 DIGITAL VIDEO CAMCORDER LIMITED WARRANTY The limited warranty set forth below is given by Canon U.S.A., Inc. (“CUSA”) with respect to each Canon OPTURA20/OPTURA10 Digital Video Camcorder (“DV Camcorder”) purchased and used in the United States. ...
Page 162 - CANON CONSUMER DIGITAL VIDEO EQUIPMENT LIMITED WARRANTY; CANADA
162 Additional Information E CANON CONSUMER DIGITAL VIDEO EQUIPMENT LIMITED WARRANTY The limited warranty set forth below is given by Canon Canada Inc. (“Canon Canada”) with respect to Canon digital videoequipment purchased in Canada. This limited warranty is only effective upon presentation of a bi...
Page 163 - Digital Video Camcorder; Instruction Manual; Camescope vidéo numérique; Manuel d’instruction; Videocámara digital; Manual de Instrucciones; English
/ / Digital Video Camcorder Instruction Manual Camescope vidéo numérique Manuel d’instruction Videocámara digital Manual de Instrucciones English Français Español NTSC This instruction manual covers the OPTURA20 and OPTURA10. Please note thatillustrations and explanation in this manual are based on ...