Page 2 - 00X CompactFlash Card; Transcend Information Inc.; Transcend
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 2 Transcend
Page 3 - Block Diagram
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 3 Block Diagram
Page 5 - Pin Assignments and Pin Type; PC Card Memory Mode
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 5 Pin Assignments and Pin Type PC Card Memory Mode PC Card I/O Mode True IDE Mode 4 Pin Num Signal Name Pin Type In, Out Type Pin Num Signal Name Pin Type In, Out Type...
Page 7 - Input Leakage Current; Table 1: Input Leakage Current; Input Characteristics; Table 2: Input Characteristics; Output Drive Type; Table 3: Output Drive Type
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 7 Input Leakage Current Note: In Table 1 below, x refers to the characteristics described in table 2. For example, I1U indicates a pull-up resistor with a type 1 input...
Page 8 - Output Drive Characteristics; Table 4: Output Drive Characteristics
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 8 Output Drive Characteristics Table 4: Output Drive Characteristics Type Parameter Symbol Conditions MIN TYP MAX Units 1 Output Voltage Voh Vol Ioh = -4 mA Iol = 4 mA...
Page 9 - Signal Description; Signal Name
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 9 Signal Description Signal Name Dir. Pin Description A10 – A00 (PC Card Memory Mode) A10 – A00 (PC Card I/O Mode) A02 - A00 (True IDE Mode) I I 8,10,11,12, 14,15,16,1...
Page 15 - Electrical Specification; Absolute Maximum Conditions
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 15 Electrical Specification The following tables indicate all D.C. Characteristics for the CompactFlash Storage Card. Unless otherwise stated, conditions are: Vcc = 5V...
Page 16 - shall be 12 mA minimum to meet legacy timing and signal integrity.; A is insufficient in the case of DMARQ that is pulled low by a 5.6 k
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 16 Input Power Input Characteristics for UDMA mode >4 In UDMA modes greater than 4, the following characteristics apply. Voltage output high and low values shall be...
Page 17 - Signal Interface; Item
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 17 Signal Interface Electrical specifications shall be maintained to ensure data reliability. Additional requirements are necessary for Advanced Timing Modes and Ultra...
Page 18 - Additional Requirements for CF Advanced Timing Modes; ) Only one CF device shall be attached to the CF Bus.
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 18 state and 100 μ A high state, including pull-up resistor. The card shall be able to drive at least the following load 10 while meeting all AC timing requirements: 5...
Page 19 - Ultra DMA Electrical Requirements; Host and Card signal capacitance limits for Ultra DMA operation
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 19 Ultra DMA Electrical Requirements Host and Card signal capacitance limits for Ultra DMA operation The host interface signal capacitance at the host connector shall ...
Page 20 - Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Trace Requirements for Ultra DMA; On any PCB for a host or device supporting Ultra DMA:; Ultra DMA Mode Cabling Requirement
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 20 Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Trace Requirements for Ultra DMA On any PCB for a host or device supporting Ultra DMA: The longest D[15:00] trace shall be no more than ...
Page 21 - Attribute Memory Read Timing Specification; Speed Version
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 21 Attribute Memory Read Timing Specification Attribute Memory access time is defined as 300 ns. Detailed timing specs are shown in Table below Speed Version 300 ns It...
Page 22 - Table: Configuration Register (Attribute Memory) Write Timing
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 22 Configuration Register (Attribute Memory) Write Timing Specification The Card Configuration write access time is defined as 250 ns. Detailed timing specifications a...
Page 23 - Common Memory Read Timing Specification
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 23 Common Memory Read Timing Specification Cycle Time Mode: 250 ns 120 ns 100 ns 80 ns Item Symbol IEEE Symbol Min ns. Max ns. Min ns. Max ns. Min ns. Max ns. Min ns. ...
Page 24 - Common Memory Write Timing Specification
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 24 Common Memory Write Timing Specification Cycle Time Mode: 250 ns 120 ns 100 ns 80 ns Item Symbol IEEE Symbol Min ns. Max ns. Min ns. Max ns. Min ns. Max ns. Min ns....
Page 27 - True IDE PIO Mode Read/Write Timing Specification; Mode
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 27 True IDE PIO Mode Read/Write Timing Specification Mode Item 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note t0 Cycle time (min) 600 383 240 180 120 100 80 1 t1 Address Valid to HIOE/HIOW setup ...
Page 29 - True IDE Multiword DMA Mode Read/Write Timing Specification
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 29 True IDE Multiword DMA Mode Read/Write Timing Specification Item Mode 0 (ns) Mode 1 (ns) Mode 2 (ns) Mode 3 (ns) Mode 4 (ns) Note t O Cycle time (min) 480 150 120 1...
Page 31 - True IDE Ultra DMA Mode Read/Write Timing Specification; an Ultra DMA mode is selected, and
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 31 True IDE Ultra DMA Mode Read/Write Timing Specification Ultra DMA operations can take place in any of the three basic interface modes: PC Card Memory mode, PC Card ...
Page 36 - Comment
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 36 Name Comment Min [V/ns] Max [V/ns] Notes S RISE Rising Edge Slew Rate for any signal 1.25 1 S FALL Falling Edge Slew Rate for any signal 1.25 1 Note: 1) The sender ...
Page 37 - Card Configuration; SELECTED SPACE
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 37 Card Configuration The CompactFlash Storage Cards is identified by appropriate information in the Card Information Structure (CIS). The following configuration regi...
Page 38 - PC Card Memory Mode UDMA Function
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 38 Table: PC Card Memory Mode UDMA Function -CE2 -CE1 -DMARQ -INPACK -DMACK -REG STOP -HIOW -DMARDY -HIOE (R)-WAIT (W) STROBE -WAIT (R)-HIOE (W) DMA CMD A10- A00 Opera...
Page 39 - Attribute Memory Function; Function Mode; Table: Attribute Memory Function
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 39 Attribute Memory Function Attribute memory is a space where CompactFlash Storage Card identification and configuration information are stored, and is limited to 8 b...
Page 40 - Configuration Option Register (Base + 00h in Attribute Memory)
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 40 Configuration Option Register (Base + 00h in Attribute Memory)
Page 44 - Function Code
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 44 I/O Transfer Function The I/O transfer to or from the CompactFlash Storage can be either 8 or 16 bits. W hen a 16 bit accessible port is addressed, the signal -IOIS...
Page 45 - DMACK
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 45 Table: PC Card I/O Mode UDMA Function -CE2 -CE1 -DMARQ -INPACK DMACK -REG STOP -HIOW -DMARDY -HIOE (R)-WAIT (W) STROBE -WAIT (R)-HIOE (W) DMA CMD A10- A00 Operation...
Page 46 - Common Memory Transfer Function; Table: Common Memory Function
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 46 Common Memory Transfer Function The Common Memory transfer to or from the CompactFlash Storage can be either 8 or 16 bits. Function Code DMA -REG -CE2 -CE1 A0 -OE -...
Page 47 - True IDE Mode I/O Transfer Function
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 47 True IDE Mode I/O Transfer Function The CompactFlash Storage Card can be configured in a True IDE Mode of operation. The CompactFlash Storage Card is configured in ...
Page 48 - Metaformat Overview; Table: Sample Device Info Tuple Information for Extended Speeds
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 48 Host Configuration Requirements for Master/Slave or New Timing Modes The CF Advanced Timing modes include PCMCIA PC Card style I/O modes that are faster than the or...
Page 49 - CF-ATA Drive Register Set Definition and Protocol
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 49 CF-ATA Drive Register Set Definition and Protocol The CompactFlash Storage Card can be configured as a high performance I/O device through: a) The standard PC-AT di...
Page 50 - I/O Primary and Secondary Address Configurations; Table: Primary and Secondary I/O Decoding
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 50 I/O Primary and Secondary Address Configurations Table: Primary and Secondary I/O Decoding
Page 51 - Contiguous I/O Mapped Addressing
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 51 Contiguous I/O Mapped Addressing W hen the system decodes a contiguous block of I/O registers to select the CompactFlash Storage Card, the registers are accessed in...
Page 52 - Memory Mapped Addressing
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 52 Memory Mapped Addressing W hen the CompactFlash Storage Card registers are accessed via memory references, the registers appear in the common memory space window: 0...
Page 53 - Error Register; error is detected in True IDE Ultra DMA modes of operation.
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 53 CF-ATA Registers The following section describes the hardware registers used by the host software to issue commands to the CompactFlash device. These registers are ...
Page 55 - in the Logical Block Address mode.
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 55 Bit 3 (HS3): when operating in the Cylinder, Head, Sector mode, this is bit 3 of the head number. It is Bit 27 in the Logical Block Address mode. Bit 2 (HS2): when ...
Page 59 - Definitions
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 59 28 Security Disable Password F6h – – – – Y – Not Support 29 Security Erase Prepare F3h – – – – Y – Not Support 30 Security Erase Unit F4h – – – – Y – Not Support 31...
Page 60 - Check Power Mode - 98h or E5h; Code
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 60 Check Power Mode - 98h or E5h If the CompactFlash Storage Card is in, going to, or recovering from the sleep mode, the CompactFlash Storage Card sets BSY, sets the ...
Page 61 - Flush Cache – E7h
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 61 Erase Sector(s) - C0h This command is used to pre-erase and condition data sectors in advance of a W rite without Erase or W rite Multiple without Erase command. Th...
Page 62 - Identify Device – Ech
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 62 Identify Device – Ech Bit -> 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Command (7) ECh C/D/H (6) X X X Drive X Cyl High (5) X Cyl Low (4) X Sec Num (3) X Sec Cnt (2) X Feature (1) X The I...
Page 64 - Word 0: General Configuration; Bit 6: Not Removable Controller and/or Device
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 64 162 0000h 2 Key management schemes supported 163 0092h 2 CF Advanced True IDE Timing Mode Capability and Setting 164 8D9Bh 2 CF Advanced PC Card I/O and Memory Timi...
Page 65 - This field contains the revision of the firmware for this product.
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 65 Word 1: Default Number of Cylinders This field contains the number of translated cylinders in the default translation mode. This value will be the same as the numbe...
Page 67 - Recommended Multiword DMA transfer cycle time
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 67 CompactFlash Storage Cards supporting DMA modes 1 and above. If bit 1 of word 53 is set to one, but this field is not supported, the Card shall return a value of ze...
Page 68 - Word 88: Ultra DMA Modes Supported and Selected
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 68 Bit 14 of word 82 shall be set to one; the CompactFlash Storage Card supports the NOP command. Bit 15 of word 82 is obsolete. Bit 0 of word 83 shall be set to zero;...
Page 69 - Word 89: Time required for Security erase unit completion
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 69 Bit 14: 1 = Ultra DMA mode 6 is selected, 0 = Ultra DMA mode 6 is not selected Bit 13: 1 = Ultra DMA mode 5 is selected, 0 = Ultra DMA mode 5 is not selected Bit 12...
Page 73 - Idle Immediate - 95h or E1h; Initialize Drive Parameters - 91h
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 73 Idle - 97h or E3h This command causes the CompactFlash Storage Card to set BSY, enter the Idle mode, clear BSY and generate an interrupt. If the sector count is non...
Page 74 - Read DMA – C8h
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 74 Sec Cnt (2) Number of Sectors Feature (1) X NOP - 00h This command always fails with the CompactFlash Storage Card returning command aborted. Bit -> 7 6 5 4 3 2 ...
Page 76 - Set Features – EFh
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 76 Request Sense - 03h The extended error code is returned to the host in the Error Register. Seek - 7Xh Set Features – EFh
Page 77 - Feature Supported
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 77 Feature Supported Features 01h and 81h are used to enable and clear 8 bit data transfer modes in True IDE Mode. If the 01h feature command is issued all data transf...
Page 78 - Set Multiple Mode - C6h
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 78 Sector Count register. The upper 5 bits define the type of transfer and the low order 3 bits encode the mode value. One PIO mode shall be selected at all times. For...
Page 79 - Standby Immediate - 94h or E0h; Translate Sector Information
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 79 Standby Immediate - 94h or E0h Translate Sector - 87h Translate Sector Information
Page 80 - Write DMA – CAh
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 80 Wear Level - F5h Write Buffer - E8h Write DMA – CAh
Page 81 - Write Long Sector - 32h or 33h
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 81 Write Long Sector - 32h or 33h Write Multiple Command - C5h Write Multiple without Erase – CDh
Page 83 - Error Posting
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 83 Error Posting Command Error Register Status Register BBK UNC IDNF ABRT AMNF DRDY DWF DSC CORR ERR Check Power Mode V V V V V Execute Drive Diagnostic 1 V V V Erase ...
Page 84 - Capacity
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 84 Command Error Register Status Register BBK UNC IDNF ABRT AMNF DRDY DWF DSC CORR ERR Set Multiple Mode V V V V V Set Sleep Mode V V V V V Stand By V V V V V Stand By...
Page 85 - CompactFlash Card 600X
T T T S S S 8 8 8 G G G ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 6 6 6 G G G C C C F F F 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 600X CompactFlash Card Transcend Information Inc. V1.0 85 Ordering Information Ordering Information Ordering Information Ordering Information The above technical information is based on industry standard data and has been ...
