Trane SYS-APM001-EN - Manual

Trane SYS-APM001-EN

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Table of Contents:

  • Page 4 – Preface; The
  • Page 5 – iii; Contents; Low
  • Page 6 – iv; System Controls
  • Page 7 – Primary System Components; Chilled-water systems consist of these functional parts:; Chiller
  • Page 8 – Chiller evaporator
  • Page 9 – Effect of chilled-water temperature
  • Page 10 – Other, more sophisticated, chiller controls allow some; Water-cooled condenser; Effect of condenser-water temperature; tested a number of internally-enhanced
  • Page 11 – While they found that some of the internally; Air-cooled versus water-cooled condensers; Maintenance
  • Page 12 – Low-ambient operation; condenser relief
  • Page 13 – Loads; midnight
  • Page 14 – syndrome” discussed on page 79. Three-way; Two-way valve load control; all
  • Page 15 – Variable-speed pump load control
  • Page 16 – Chilled-Water Distribution System
  • Page 17 – outlet; Pump per chiller; is the number of chillers; Distribution piping
  • Page 18 – Pumping arrangements; Constant flow system
  • Page 19 – Primary-secondary system; Condenser-Water System; Cooling tower
  • Page 20 – Effect of load on cooling tower performance; increases; Condenser-water pumping arrangements; Single tower per chiller; Pumping redundancy
  • Page 21 – Chiller control
  • Page 22 – Centrifugal chiller capacity control
  • Page 23 – Chilled-water reset control
  • Page 24 – Application Considerations; T reduces flow rates, which in turn reduces pipe and
  • Page 25 – Constant flow; T is applied to; Variable flow
  • Page 26 – enabling the second chiller,; Parallel or series; Ts, because the maximum flow through the chillers; Part load system operation
  • Page 27 – Managing control complexity
  • Page 29 – Individual; Pipe size; Ts; Water
  • Page 30 – Chiller Plant System Performance; Chiller performance testing; can be performed at the factory; Limitations of field performance testing; and
  • Page 31 – Guidelines for system efficiency monitoring; Instrumentation for Monitoring Central Chilled-Water
  • Page 32 – Full year analysis
  • Page 33 – System Design Options; for vapor compression; Guidance for Chilled- and Condenser-Water Flow Rates
  • Page 34 – Chilled-Water Temperatures
  • Page 35 – Condenser-Water Temperatures; and Nordeen; Standard rating flow conditions; Absorption chillers are rated using ARI Standard 560–2000,
  • Page 36 – Designers may use the standard
  • Page 38 – The total system power is now as follows:; The condenser-water pump remains at constant power.
  • Page 39 – Coil response to decreased entering water temperature
  • Page 40 – Smaller tower
  • Page 41 – Same tower, smaller approach
  • Page 42 – Same tower, larger chiller
  • Page 43 – Retrofit opportunities
  • Page 44 – Cost Implications; In new systems, reduced pipe sizes
  • Page 45 – Misconceptions about Low-Flow Rates
  • Page 46 – plant; no
  • Page 47 – Demirchian and Maragareci
  • Page 48 – System Configurations; This section examines:; Parallel Chillers
  • Page 50 – Series Chillers
  • Page 51 – Hydraulic decoupling
  • Page 53 – Production
  • Page 54 – P across the system,; Distribution-loop benefits of decoupled system arrangement; T syndrome” on page 79.
  • Page 55 – Because unused chilled water does not; Common
  • Page 56 – Decoupled system–principle of operation
  • Page 57 – surplus
  • Page 58 – Adding a chiller; deficit; Multiple chilled-water plants on a distribution loop
  • Page 59 – Pump control in a double-ended decoupled system
  • Page 60 – Chiller sequencing in a double-ended decoupled system; When deficit flow is detected at a chilled-water plant, a
  • Page 61 – Other plant designs; eliminates the; water flow varies throughout the entire system
  • Page 62 – The VPF design can separate pump; Advantages of variable primary flow
  • Page 63 – Chiller selection requirements; Evaporator flow limits; One benefit of VPF systems is reduced pumping energy. To
  • Page 64 – To deter vibration and tube erosion (maximum flow limit)
  • Page 65 – Managing transient water flows; T. Chiller 1’s controller will unload the machine; Select for the greatest tolerance to large changes in flow rate.; The objective
  • Page 66 – Estimate the expected flow-rate changes and
  • Page 67 – System design and control requirements; early in the design process
  • Page 68 – Accurate flow measurement; accurate and repeatable; Bypass locations
  • Page 69 – Bypass flow control; or; Chiller sequencing in VPF systems; entire
  • Page 70 – Adding a chiller in a VPF system; almost
  • Page 71 – Subtracting a chiller in a VPF system
  • Page 72 – not; Other VPF control considerations; Select slow-acting valves to control the airside coils.
  • Page 73 – Plant configuration; Consider a series arrangement for small VPF applications.; When the plant consists of only two chillers; Assess the economic feasibility of VPF for single-chiller plants.; did
  • Page 74 – Moderate “low; syndrome” it merely reduces the adverse effect of low; Guidelines for a successful VPF system; Chiller selection
  • Page 75 – Bypass flow; slowly
  • Page 76 – Chilled-Water System Variations; Heat Recovery; requires heat recovery in specific
  • Page 77 – Refrigerant migration
  • Page 79 – Preferential Loading; Preferential loading - parallel arrangement
  • Page 80 – Sidestream plate-and-frame heat exchanger; A free-cooling heat exchanger
  • Page 81 – Sidestream heat recovery; Sidestream with alternative fuels or absorption
  • Page 82 – Sidestream system control; Preferential loading – series arrangement
  • Page 83 – Series–Counterflow Application; Series-series counterflow
  • Page 84 – Unequal Chiller Sizing; There are benefits to using unequally-sized chillers
  • Page 85 – System Issues and Challenges; Required Volume = Flow Rate × Loop Time
  • Page 86 – allowing for stable system operation; Chiller response to changing conditions; Example; mix
  • Page 87 – Contingency; Minimum capacity required; Electrical requirements
  • Page 88 – Alternative Energy Sources; Electricity generation
  • Page 89 – Alternative fuel; , allow the owner to take advantage; Thermal storage; Engineers; Plant Expansion; is one way of handling this
  • Page 90 – Retrofit Opportunities; system; Flow rate out of range
  • Page 91 – Temperatures out of range; Precise temperature control
  • Page 93 – Chilled-Water System Control; Chilled water reset—raising and lowering; chiller; Chilled-water pump control
  • Page 94 – Critical valve reset (pump pressure optimization); Number of chillers to operate
  • Page 95 – entire plant; Condenser-Water System Control; Minimum refrigerant pressure differential
  • Page 96 – Cycling a single fan.
  • Page 97 – Chiller–tower energy balance; Gillespie, and Kammerud
  • Page 98 – Condenser water pump:; Pump power is reduced because both the flow
  • Page 99 – Decoupled condenser-water system
  • Page 101 – Failure Recovery
  • Page 102 – Conclusion
  • Page 103 – Glossary; See
  • Page 104 – direct digital control.
  • Page 105 – The temperature of the air surrounding the object
  • Page 106 – References; T at Logan International Airport Central Chilled-Water
  • Page 107 – Trane Applications Engineering Group.
  • Page 108 – Solberg, P. “Ice Storage as Part of a LEED® Building Design.”
  • Page 109 – Index
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Applications
Engineering Manual

Chiller System Design and
Control

May 2009

SYS-APM001-EN

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Summary

Page 4 - Preface; The

© 20 09 Trane All rights reserved Chiller System Design and Control SYS-APM001-EN Trane, in proposing these system design and application concepts, assumes no responsibility for the performance or desirability of any resulting system design. Design of the HVAC system is the prerogative and responsib...

Page 5 - iii; Contents; Low

SYS-APM001-EN Chiller System Design and Control iii Contents Preface .................................................................................................. i Primary System Components ................................................... 1 Chiller .............................................

Page 6 - iv; System Controls

iv Chiller System Design and Control SYS-APM001-EN System Controls ........................................................................... 87 Chilled-Water System Control ........................................................ 87Condenser-Water System Control ......................................

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