Tektronix 2200 - Manual

v Contents Setting Editor Port Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-40 Configuring GPI Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-41 DPM Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4...

vi Contents Coring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-16 Layering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17 E-MEM Effects Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

vii Contents Layered Mode Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-35 Chroma Keying Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-36 Auto Chroma Keying Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

viii Contents Frame Store Operations (Option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-74 Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-74 Output Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

ix Contents Appendix A — Shaped and Unshaped Video Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1 What are Shaped and Unshaped Video? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1 Input Shaped and Unshaped Video . . . . . . . ...

x Contents Appendix C — Super Black Definition of Super Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1 Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...

xi Welcome to the Model 2200 This manual is intended to provide you, the video switching system operator, with the information you need for operating this Model 2200 Digital Production Switcher. Organization of This Manual This manual is organized as follows: Section 1, System Overview – Describes t...

xii Preface Related Documents The following manuals comprise the entire set that may be used with the Model 2200 series switcher. • Operation Reference • Installation and Service • Model 2200/4000 Parts List • Model 2200 Control Panel Drawings Manual • Model 2200/4000 Drawings Manual • Serial Protoc...

xiii How To Use This Manual If you are an experienced switcher operator, you may choose to go directly from Startup to operating the switcher, and refer to the Control Panel Descriptions section in the Operation Reference manual only when you need to know more about the operation of a specific contr...

xiv Preface Conventions used in this manual The following graphical and typestyle conventions are used throughout this manual. Button References A control panel button is shown as follows: Panel Knob References Similarly, a control panel knob is shown as follows: Menu References Many Model 4000 feat...

xv Conventions used in this manual . Soft Button and Soft Knob References In the text, soft buttons and soft knobs are shown in bold , using the button or knob label in the display. for example: CHR KEY SELECT — soft button SHADOW GAIN — soft knob CHROMA KEY MENU OFF /chrKey CHR KEY SELECT FOREGROUN...

1-1 1 This section presents a general description of the Grass Valley Products Model 2200-2 Production Component Digital Switching Systems. The Control Panel and Signal Processor descriptions provide a basic knowledge of the Model 2200 basic architecture. Basic Architecture The Model 2200 is a compo...

1-2 Section 1 — System Overview Standard Features ■ 2 Mix/Effects Systems ■ Auto-Timed Inputs ■ Shaped and Unshaped Video Input Conditioning ■ Fineline Keying ■ Key Channel Throughout ■ 10-Bit Data Processing Throughout ■ Full Complement of Wipe Patterns ■ E-MEM with Disk Storage ■ 100 E-MEM registe...

1-3 Optional Features Optional Features ■ BORDERLINE® on all Keyers ■ Dual Chroma Keyers for each M/E ■ Second Wipe Pattern Generator for each M/E ■ Kaleidoscope Run Control and Effects Recall 1 ■ Two-Channel Effects Send ■ Three Additional Timed Aux Buses ■ Key Outputs ■ Preview Outputs ■ Tally Out...

1-4 Section 1 — System Overview Physical Description The switcher consists of three main areas: the Control Panel, the Signal Processor Frame, and the Frame Power Supply (see Figure 1-1 ) The electronic circuitry for the Model 2200 is contained on circuit boards and modules in the Signal Processor F...

1-5 Physical Description Processor Frame Power Supply Signal Processor Frame Control Panel TP0625-07 CONTROL PANEL LOGIC CONTROL PROCESSOR Video/Key Signals In Video/Key Signals Out CONTROL PANEL POWER SUPPLY ANALOG AND SERIAL INPUT MODULES EFFECTS SEND MATRIX SERIAL CROSSPOINT MATRIX MIX EFFECTS PR...

1-6 Section 1 — System Overview Control Panel The Control Panel is the operator interface for the Model 2200 system. The operator performs all actions via buttons and knobs and a software-driven menu. EffectConfig Picture PanelSetup PictureFrame EffectOper Key/Stencil Uncal Uncal Uncal Key 1 Key 2 P...

1-8 Section 1 — System Overview Video and Key Inputs and Outputs Inputs Two types of input modules may be installed in the Signal Processor Frame to suit the needs of your installation. The following types of input modules are available. NOTE: Each of the serial or analog inputs can be treated by th...

1-9 Physical Description Outputs Output modules are placed in the rear bay of the Signal Processing Frame. The following module types are available: ■ Serial Output Modules (2 standard, each adding 8 outputs with two BNCs) ■ Analog Output Module (1 optional with RGB/Y, CR, CB and Key outputs) The st...

1-10 Section 1 — System Overview Functional Description General Overview Figure 1-3 shows a simple video flow diagram for the Model 2200. Video and key signals enter the input modules of the Model 2200, which consist of component analog and/or component serial digital formats. The analog signals are...

1-11 Functional Description Each M/E has two keyers and two background buses (A and B) as inputs. In standard mode, Keyers 1 and 2 can be mixed into a composite video and key which can be forwarded to the output, or M/E 1 can be reentered into M/E 2. In layered mode, Background Buses A and B are als...

1-14 Section 1 — System Overview Description of Options The following options are currently available for the Model 2200 switcher. For more details on these options, refer to the appropriate subpanel descriptions later in this manual. Chromatte Advanced Chroma Keyer Each foreground keyer in M/E 1 an...

1-15 Description of Options Effects Send Effects Send provides a method of integrating digital effects devices into the switcher mix/effects system. Up to two send channels can be used to route the video and key from an M/E to and from an external digital effects system. Look Ahead Preview Look ahea...

1-16 Section 1 — System Overview Remote Aux Bus The Remote Aux Control Panel Option allows you to control the Model 2200’s aux buses from a remote location. As many as 32 Remote Aux Panels can be daisy-chained to the switcher. There are three Remote Aux Panel configurations available, identified by ...

2-1 This section describes turning on the system, setting up user preferences, and setting up system parameters. Powering Up The Model 2200 is designed for continuous operation. Use the following procedures to power-up the switcher when it has been turned off. 1. Turn the power switch on the front o...

2-2 Section 2— Startup and Configuration Booting-Up When the system is turned on, the switcher will initialize into a defined default state. This default state may be either a user-defined default or a GVG factory default of switcher enabled levels, as selected in the Define Defaults Menu (see Secti...

2-3 Software Setup To begin the setup process, press the CONFG button on the Menu Display Subpanel to display the Configuration Menu and the sub-menu choices. 1. USER PREFS > — Set up operating parameters, such as Keyer and Preview preferences and default switcher states. 2. SYSTEM PARAMS > — ...

2-4 Section 2— Startup and Configuration Configuration Sub-Menus USER PREFERENCES ■ Keyer Prefs ■ Preview Prefs ■ Beeper Prefs ■ Define Defaults ■ E-MEM Prefs SYSTEM PARAMETERS ■ Aspect Ratio ■ Matte Gen Lim ■ Set Clock Menus (Date /Time) INPUTS MENUS ■ Analog Video Inputs ■ Analog Key Inputs ■ Anal...

2-5 Software Setup EXTERNAL INTERFACE MENUS ■ Editor I/F ■ DPM I/F ■ Peripheral I/F ■ GPI Outputs AUX BUS FORMAT MENU ■ Aux Bus Shaping

2-9 Software Setup Setting User Preferences Use the User Preferences Menus to gain access to keyer, preview, and switcher defaults submenus. 1. From the Configuration Menu, press the USER PREFS > button to access the User Preferences Menu. 2. Select either LATCH or NORMAL with the SHIFT MODE soft...

2-10 Section 2— Startup and Configuration be a shifted crosspoint. The SHIFT button light will remain ON while the bus is in this state. To unshift a bus, press and hold the SHIFT button. Select a crosspoint button. The bus is now unshifted, and the SHIFT button lamp is OFF. 3. Select the KEYER PREF...

2-11 Software Setup 3. Press CLEAR KEY MEMORY to invoke the Clear Key Memory Menu. This menu allows you to clear the key memory settings for various areas of the switcher. 4. With the SECTION SELECT and BUS SELECT buttons, select the area of the switcher whose key memory you wish to clear. To select...

2-12 Section 2— Startup and Configuration Setting Preview Preferences From the User Preferences Menu, press the PREVIEW PREFS> button to display the Preview Preferences Menu. NOTE: It is important to note that these menu setups affect only the PVW output connectors and the PVW Monitor(s). 1. Use ...

2-13 Software Setup NOTE: The optional M/E Preview Mezzanine must be installed for each M/E in order to select AUTO and LOOKAHEAD Preview Modes. THESE SELECTIONS will not be displayed in the MENU if the mezzanine board is not installed. The Preview Mode choice depends on how many monitors you have p...

2-15 Software Setup 3. Use the DIM PVW button to dim the preview of all keyers using a mask in that M/E or PGM/DSK, or to turn off the preview dim function so that the preview never dims regardless of masking. 4. Assign a Dim Preview mode to one of the following: ALL KEYERS – the preview of all keye...

2-16 Section 2— Startup and Configuration Beeper Preferences You may wish to customize the beeper alert system. Beeper preferences are selected on the Configuration/User Preferences Menu/Beeper Preferences Menu shown below. BEEPER ON/OFF — Use to enable or disable the beeper alert system. WARNING — ...

2-17 Software Setup Defining System Defaults Use the Define Defaults Menu to change the default values that are stored in memory and used when the switcher is turned on. (You may also use the CLEAR WORK BUFR button) . The values stored in the User-Defined Default Buffer (battery-backed RAM) are load...

2-18 Section 2— Startup and Configuration E-MEM Preferences You may wish to customize the E-MEM system. E-MEM preferences are selected on the Configuration/User Preferences Menu/E-MEM User Preferences Menu shown below. RUN LEVER — Use to enable or disable the E-MEM run lever. KEYFRAME EDITING — Use ...

2-19 Software Setup Setting System Parameters Use the System Parameters Menu to set the aspect ratio (ratio of television picture width to height), to select the matte generator chroma limiting algorithm, and to set the system clock. Press the SYSTEM PARAMS > soft button below the Configuration M...

2-20 Section 2— Startup and Configuration Using Field Dominance If the Model 2200 output is going to be recorded onto tape that will later be edited along with other tape, it is important that changes take place consistently on the same field. They can occur on either Field 1 or Field 2 of the frame...

2-21 Software Setup The MATTE GEN LIM button is used to choose the matte generator chroma limiting algorithm. The selections are: XMITABL – Prevents the total signal (luminance and chrominance) from exceeding the NTSC transmission standard. VALID RGB – Limits colors to those which generate red, gree...

2-22 Section 2— Startup and Configuration Setting the System Clock Use the Set Clock Menu to set the system date and time. 1. From the System Parameters Menu, press the SET CLOCK > soft button to display the Set Clock Menu. If the date and/or time are incorrect, they may be reset as follows: 2. S...

2-23 Software Setup 4. Set the time by selecting TIME with the SELECT button and using the soft knobs to select the (HOUR), (MINUTE), and (SECOND). 5. Press the CONFIRM button to enter the new time. 6. Press the top level CONFG button to return to the Configuration Menu. SET CLOCK MENU config / syst...

2-24 Section 2— Startup and Configuration Configuring Switcher Inputs Primary video and key inputs to the switcher are numbered 1 through 64. Any of these inputs can be treated as either a video signal or a key signal. Each input, including Black and Background, can be mapped to any vertical column ...

2-25 Software Setup Inputs Use the Inputs Menu to enter or change the various configuration settings for your inputs. INPUTS MENU /config/inputs ANLG KEY INPUTS > ANLG VIDEO INPUTS > ANLG INPUT ANLG INPUT TIMING > TIMING > MAP INPUTS > ANLG VIDEO INPUTS > ANLG KEY INPUTS > ANLG ...

2-26 Section 2— Startup and Configuration Setting Analog Video Inputs Use the Analog Video Inputs Menu to select the component format with setup or no setup for each analog video input. 1. From the Inputs Menu, press the ANLG VIDEO INPUTS > button to select the Analog Video Inputs Menu as shown b...

2-27 Software Setup Setting Analog Key Inputs Use the Analog Key Inputs Menu to select the component format for each analog key input. 1. From the Inputs Menu, press the ANLG KEY INPUTS > button to select the Analog Key Inputs Menu as shown below. 2. Increment the CARD SELECT button until you rea...

2-28 Section 2— Startup and Configuration Setting Analog Input Timing Use the Analog Input Timing Menu to match the timing of each analog/key input to the key bus. From the Inputs Menu, press the ANLG INPUT TIMING > button to select the Analog Input Timing Menu. 1. Increment the CARD SELECT butto...

2-29 Software Setup Mapping Crosspoints Use the Map Inputs Menu to define the format for each video or key input. NOTE: This function is applied to a key input only if the external key is being used with video or superblack. From the Inputs Menu, press the MAP INPUTS > button to select the Map In...

2-30 Section 2— Startup and Configuration 4. Use the appropriate soft knob to select the desired type of input. Note that input formats are displayed when selecting input type. NOTE: Undefined buttons default to black. 5. If mapping a chroma key input, use the CHROMA KEY INPUT soft knob to assign th...

2-31 Software Setup Naming Crosspoint Buttons After mapping the input, you may name the crosspoint by pressing NAME XPT BUTTON > . The Name Xpt Button Menu appears as shown below. 1. Select each character by turning the soft knobs located to the right of the menu display. 2. Enter the selected ch...

2-32 Section 2— Startup and Configuration Formatting Chroma Key Inputs If you have installed the optional Chroma Key Inputs, you need to assign input formats. Use the Chroma Key Inputs Menu to select and adjust chroma key parameters. 1. From the Chroma Key Inputs Menu, select the appropriate input t...

2-33 Software Setup Assigning GPI Inputs Use the GPI Inputs Menu to set GPI assignments for signals that can be used to trigger Model 2200 functions. These assignments must correspond to the physical GPI connections described earlier in this section. Eight GPI inputs are provided. All of these accep...

2-35 Software Setup AUTO TRANS — Enables selection of the Auto Transition GPI function. The following transitions may be triggered with GPI pulses: M/E 1, M/E 2, F-F, and F-F PST BLK CUT — Enables selection of the Cut GPI function. The following cuts may be triggered by the GPI: M/E 1, M/E 2, and F-...

2-36 Section 2— Startup and Configuration Configuring Outputs Select OUTPUTS from the Configuration Menu. The OUTPUTS Menu shown below appears: 1. Select the desired output from PGM, M/E 1 PGM orM/E 2 PGM with the OUTPUT SELECT button. 2. With the LUM LIMITER button choose between the following lumi...

2-37 Software Setup 3. Use the CHROM LIMITER button to set the chrominance to the following conditions: ■ PEAK — keeps the chrominance between 100% chroma saturation levels ■ OFF — allows chrominance levels to vary between the full legal D1 limits Setting Output Resolution and Dither The Output Digi...

2-39 Software Setup Configuring External Interfaces The External Interface menus set the operating parameters for the Editor Interface, DPM Interface, and the GPI Interface. The External Interface Menu is shown below: Press the EDITOR I/F> button to advance to the Editor Menu. NOTE: DPM I/F and P...

2-40 Section 2— Startup and Configuration Setting Editor Por t Parameters The Editor Interface Menu shown below allows you to set the Baud, Parity and Switcher Address for the switcher editor port, J3, on the Com I/O Module in Slot C1. 1. Select the desired switcher editor port BAUD rate with the BA...

2-41 Software Setup Configuring GPI Outputs Use the GPI Outputs Menu to set E-MEM levels for each assigned GPI. You can also set up GPI outputs which trigger each time there is a cut on the PGM Bus, and set the length of the GPI trigger signal. This menu is accessed from the Config/External If Menu....

2-42 Section 2— Startup and Configuration DPM Configurations Digital Picture Manipulators (DPMs) are external video devices connected to the switcher. In this discussion, reference is also made to DPM levels, which are E-MEM levels into which DPM-associated information is learned. The combined syste...

2-43 Software Setup The system defaults to all aux buses being part of the MISC E-MEM level. When an aux bus is configured for use with an external DPM, its settings are no longer saved in the MISC level but are saved in the relevant DPM level when an E-MEM register is learned. Information (such as ...

2-45 Software Setup For a particular studio session, three Kaleidoscope channels could be acquired from the pool in the order D, E, A, which would be logical channels 1, 2, 3. This mapping information is passed from the DPM to the switcher via the control connection. Switcher output routing ensures ...

2-46 Section 2— Startup and Configuration There are circumstances where output routing is not desirable. For example, the DPM may have more than 5 channels. In that case, a router or patch panel may be inserted between the switcher and Kaleidoscope ( Figure 2-4 ). In this example, switcher output ro...

2-47 Software Setup Control Connection Three forms of control connection to the DPMs are supported. These are ■ CPL (Control Point Language) ■ PBusII (Peripheral Bus II) ■ GPIs Control Point Language — CPL is the communication protocol used to couple the switcher and Kaleidoscope. One of its uses is...

2-48 Section 2— Startup and Configuration Peripheral Bus II (Port A3 Only) — PBusII is used for run control of effects using triggers. With current software, PBusII triggers are learned into the MISC E-MEM level. For example, when using PBusII as the control connection for a DPM-700, the following s...

2-49 Software Setup For Kaleidoscope: 1. Set the DPM TYPE to KSCOPE. 2. Turn the VIDEO DELAY soft knob to select 2 FIELDS . It is important to set this delay correctly. 3. Turn the CONTROL DELAY soft knob to select 6 FIELDS . 4. Press the PORT ASSIGN button to assign PORT A1 to the DPM. The baud rat...

2-51 Software Setup Kaleidoscope Source Button Mapping The DPM K’Scope Sources Menu, shown below, allows you to map Kaleidoscope video source crosspoints to your switcher video source crosspoints. The first time you use this menu you must set user defaults. After setting defaults you can map crosspo...

2-52 Section 2— Startup and Configuration Mapping DPM Aux Buses Set up the aux bus-to-device assignment as follows: 1. From the DPM Setup Menu, press DPM MAP AUX BUSES> to access the DPM Map Aux Buses Menu. 2. Select the desired device (1 through 4) by pressing the DEVICE SELECT button 3. For Kal...

2-53 Software Setup For example: To use Kaleidoscope physical Channel D, you must assign at least 4 physical aux buses to DPM use (physical Aux 4 mapped to physical Channel D). NOTE: All aux buses assigned to a DPM must be in consecutive order. 4. For DPM 100 or 700 set the NUMBER OF CHANNELS and CH...

2-54 Section 2— Startup and Configuration Example 1: Switcher-to-Kaleidoscope Configuration Figure 2-4. Switcher-to-Kaleidoscope Cabling – Ex. 1 1 2 3 4 A B C D E F Switcher AuxBus Kaleidoscope Physical Channel

2-57 Software Setup Mapping DPM Inputs Set up the Kaleidoscope video and key return input numbers as follows: 1. From the DPM Setup Menu, press DPM MAP INPUTS> to bring up the DPM Map Inputs Menu. 2. Select the desired device (1 through 4) by pressing the DPM SELECT button. 3. Select the desired ...

2-58 Section 2— Startup and Configuration 6. Set up the aux bus format as described under the Aux Bus Format heading later in this section. Make sure that any aux buses assigned to Kaleidoscope are configured for KEY operation of their B aux buses. NOTE: It is not necessary to set the format for aux...

2-59 Software Setup 3. Select LOG CHANNEL with the LOG/PHYS ASSIGNMENT button. 4. Rotate the VIDEO INPUT knob to assign the desired DPM number and logical channel for this crosspoint. For example, assign logical channel 1 of DPM 1 by selecting DPM 1 LOG CHAN 1 . 5. Rotate the KEY INPUT knob to assig...

2-60 Section 2— Startup and Configuration Select the desired switcher peripheral port BAUD rate and parity parameters. These should be set the same for the switcher and the peripheral device. For a DPM-700 set the baud rate to 38400 and parity to NONE. Assigning Peripheral Trigger Use this menu to d...

2-61 Software Setup 1. From the Peripheral Interface Menu, press PERIPHERAL TRIGGERS> to open the Peripheral Triggers Menu. 2. Increment TRIGGER SELECT to select the designator to be assigned (A through H). 3. Turn the DEVICE NUMBER soft knob to select the peripheral device to which that trigger ...

2-62 Section 2— Startup and Configuration The device functions for a DPM–700 depend on whether the DPM is operating in trigger mode, or E-MEM recall mode, as listed in Table 2-2 . Table 2-2. DPM 700 Functions Trigger DPM Trigger Function DPM E-MEM Recall 0 Function not defined Not valid 1 STOP DPM R...

2-63 Software Setup Formatting Aux Buses There are nine pairs of Aux buses on the Model 2200, designated A1 through A5, and B1 through B5. Aux pairs one through four are not configurable (video/key only). Aux buses pair five can be configured as video/video or video/key signals. In addition, Aux bus...

2-64 Section 2— Startup and Configuration The Aux Bus Shaping Menu allows you to select the output configuration to be always shaped or always unshaped on aux buses 1-4. Thus the configuration should be set according to the input needs of the external device connected to the aux bus. The switcher th...

2-65 Software Setup NOTE: Since the process of unshaping the video signal results in dividing the video signal by its key, level errors, especially around black, may produce extreme signal levels where the key is at or near zero. Kaleidoscope ignores these extraneous signals, but they may cause prob...

3-1 3 Switcher Concepts This section describes a few basic concepts that you should know before you operate your switcher. You might be tempted to skip over this section, especially if you are an experienced switcher operator. Nevertheless, we suggest that you to browse it anyway, because it explain...

3-2 Section 3 — Switcher Concepts Clear Working Buffer The Current Working Buffer (CWB) is an area of system memory that stores the current switcher state. That is, it tracks the settings of switch and variable control functions on the control panel, as well as those of many switch and control funct...

3-3 Clear Working Buffer Clear Work Buffer Operation Modes With Version 5.0 and later software, there are four modes of operation for the CLEAR WORK BUFR button: ■ Single press of the CLEAR WORK BUFR button — Clears the Current Working Buffer except Keyers. This clears the CWB to User-Defined Defaul...

3-4 Section 3 — Switcher Concepts Auto Delegation Some of the switcher subpanels are delegated to other subpanels under conditional control of the operator or system. This feature is called “auto delegation.” The effect of auto delegation is that pressing a button on one subpanel may activate the re...

3-5 Crosspoint Bus Crosspoint Bus A crosspoint bus consists of a group of switches called crosspoints, each with a different video or key input. The row of switches has a common output called a bus. The various crosspoint buses on the switcher ’s control panel make up the Source Select Subpanel (the...

3-6 Section 3 — Switcher Concepts Transitions A transition is a change from one video picture to another. The switcher provides three methods for making video transitions: ■ Cuts ■ Mixes ■ Wipes Cut Transition A cut is an instantaneous switch from one picture to another. A background cut, for exampl...

3-8 Section 3 — Switcher Concepts Wipe Transition A wipe is a transition from one picture to another in which a shaped edge moves across the screen revealing the new picture (see Figure 3-2 ). A background wipe removes the old Program Background picture as it wipes on the new Preset Background pictu...

3-9 Keys Keys A key is an effect in which parts of one picture are inserted into another to create a composite picture. For example, keys are used to insert captions, to place a small news scene or graphic over the shoulder of a newscaster, or to place the image of a weather reporter in front of a w...

3-10 Section 3 — Switcher Concepts To use an example, suppose you want to insert a green logo into some background video. You could print the logo in white on black paper and then focus a camera on it. You can then apply the signal from the camera to the switcher ’s keyer where it will be used as a ...

3-11 Keys Linear Key A linear key is similar to a luminance key except that the gain of the key is set to a value of one (also called “unity”) so that the edges of anti-aliased key sources are faithfully reproduced. Anti-aliased sources, such as the output of a character generator or graphics system...

3-12 Section 3 — Switcher Concepts Shaped and Unshaped Video Shaping and unshaping are generally involved only in keying and compositing situations. Whenever a key is performed, there are always three signals: the key source, the key fill (fill video), and the background video. The key signal cuts a...

3-13 Shaped and Unshaped Video Input Shaped and Unshaped Video Video coming into a switcher may or may not already be shaped, depending upon its source. The Configuration Menu has a selection for you to define whether the source video for each video input is shaped or unshaped. This is what tells th...

3-14 Section 3 — Switcher Concepts Super Black Super Black is a video level that is lower than the usual black level (7.5 IRE in NTSC; 0 IRE in PAL and Component video). It is inserted into the background of a video signal to improve the contrast for luminance self keying. The Super Black level is v...

3-15 Chroma Key Chroma Key A chroma key is a key in which a particular color that you select in the background of a scene is detected and replaced with a new background scene. This gives the illusion that foreground objects are positioned in front of a new background. For example, the fill video sel...

3-16 Section 3 — Switcher Concepts Both background and foreground suppression include menu controls for selecting the hue to be replaced and for adjusting the luminance and chrominance levels in the areas of the picture where suppression is applied. NOTE: Refer to The descriptions and illustrations ...

3-17 Layering Layering Lamina™ Video Compositing is a feature that enables up to four video layers to be composited in a single mix/effects system. The composite image can then be used as a key source or a background in another mix/effects system or the downstream keyer. This allows multiple-layer e...

3-18 Section 3 — Switcher Concepts E-MEM Effects Memory The E-MEM ® Effects Memory system provides a way of storing switcher effects for later use. With E-MEM you can set up an effect with the control panel and “learn” a snapshot of it into memory. Later, you can recall that effect with the press of...

3-19 E-MEM Effects Memory Enables and Delegates Grass Valley Switchers have two groups of operations that relate to Enables and Delegates: ■ E–MEM Register operations that include Learn, Recall, Put, Get, and Run ■ E–MEM Keyframe-editing operations that include Cut, Copy, Paste, and Modify Each E-ME...

3-20 Section 3 — Switcher Concepts When ENABLES is selected in the Timeline Menu, all enabled levels are also delegated; thus all enabled levels are affected by changes made on the control panel. When a level is not enabled, its timeline does not appear in the Timeline Menu. ■ In ENABLES mode, press...

3-21 Keyframing / Timelines / Effects Editing Keyframing / Timelines / Effects Editing Switchers are able to store more than one switcher state (a “keyframe”) on each enabled level in a single E-MEM register. A series of keyframes in an E-MEM register is called a keyframe effect. Effects animation c...

3-22 Section 3 — Switcher Concepts Timeline Menu The following is a simple example of a Timeline Menu. The appearance of this menu depends upon the following: which levels are enabled and which are delegated on the E-MEM Enables panel, the contents of the currently-selected E-MEM register, and the p...

3-24 Section 3 — Switcher Concepts Frame Store (Option) The primary functions of the Frame Store option are storage of still video and key images, and creation of dropshadows behind keys. Controls for manipulation of these functions are found on the Frame Store Subpanel and in the Frame Store menus....

4-1 4 Switcher Operations About this Section This section of the User ’s Guide demonstrates basic operation of the Model 4000 series switcher.This section of the User ’s Guide demonstrates basic operation of the Model 4000 series switcher. Each operation is presented in numbered steps to add clarity...

4-2 Section 4— Switcher Operations Star ting Conditions The switcher, and any connected external devices, should be in a “known,” or User Default state before beginning any of these tasks. Select “GVG Defaults” on the Config/User Prefs/Define Defaults Menu, if you are not sure what setups you need. ...

4-3 Starting Conditions Figure 4-1. Source 1 Figure 4-2. Source 2

4-4 Section 4— Switcher Operations Clearing the Switcher It is best to reset the switcher to a known state before beginning any of these procedures. Step #2 below clears all switcher areas except crosspoints. To bring the switcher to a “known” state, you will want to clear either all, or just certai...

4-5 Starting Conditions 4. To clear the Current Working Buffer — including Keyers: Double press 1 of the CLEAR WORK BUFR button: Same as above, with addition of key memory parameters of the selected crosspoints that are cleared to the standard defaults. Current crosspoints remain selected. 5. To cle...

4-6 Section 4— Switcher Operations Transitions - Mix/Effects Bus Operations A transition is a change from one combination of picture elements to another combination. This change can take the form of a cut, a mix, or a wipe and can be used to switch background scenes or insert or remove a key. We wil...

4-7 Transitions - Mix/Effects Bus Operations NOTE: To ensure that Preview Mode is set to Lookahead, access the Config/User Prefs/Preview Prefs Menu. Set PVW MODE on M/E 1 to LOOK AHEAD . 4. Select the M/E 1 BKGD A Transition button. Only the B Bus scene will appear on the Preview monitor. (All key ‘...

4-9 Transitions - Mix/Effects Bus Operations Background Mix A mix is a dissolve from one picture to another. You can mix between A and B bus sources as follows: 1. Select Source 2 on the M/E 1 A bus background crosspoint row. The A bus appears on the PGM monitor. 2. Select Source 1 on the M/E 1 B bu...

4-11 Wipe Operations Wipe Operations The wipe usually signals the end of one scene and the beginning of another. A wipe is a transition between two video signals that takes the shape of a pattern. The effect is that of one picture pushing the other off the screen. Background Wipe A background wipe (...

4-12 Section 4— Switcher Operations 7. As an alternative to using the lever arm, you can press AUTO TRANS to do an automatic transition. To pause an auto transition in progress, press AUTO TRANS again. To resume the transition, press it a third time. You can also start an auto transition and finish ...

4-15 Wipe Operations Pattern Mixing Use the Pattern Mix Mode to mix a selected wipe with either the M/Es Secondary Wipe Generator (if available) or the selected wipes. This example assumes you have the Secondary Wipe Generator; if you do not, select TEXTURE instead of NORMAL in Step 3. 1. Press the ...

4-16 Section 4— Switcher Operations Learning User Wipes If you develop a wipe setup that you like and you want to save it temporarily, you can do so using the User 1– 6 buttons on the Wipe Subpanel. 1. Press LEARN USER WIPE , followed by one of the six User buttons, such as USER 1 . The current wipe...

4-17 Wipe Operations Figure 4-6. Pattern Mix Transition — Example 2 The effect shown in Figure 4-6 was created as follows:Primary Wipe Generator creates the circle wipe.Secondary Wipe Generator is used to create a random matrix wipe.

4-19 Wipe Operations Fade to Black Cut, wipe, or fade the switcher output to black at any time by simply pressing the PST BLACK button on the Transition Subpanel. Then, pressing the CUT button cuts to black, while AUTO TRANS or a Lever Arm transition will do either a mix or wipe to black depending o...

4-20 Section 4— Switcher Operations Setting Transition Rates You can adjust the transition rate for an auto transition or Key mix(DSK mix on the 4000-2B) using any rate from 1 to 999 frames: 1. In the E-MEM Subpanel , select TRAN RATE . The query: SET WHICH RATE? displays. 2. Delegate to the Transit...

4-21 Wipe Operations 6. If entering a transition rate for an M/E, the display queries: KEY 1 RATE = ? 7. Use the E-MEM numeric keypad to enter the number of television frames for the KEY 1 transition rate. Enter a rate from 0 – 999. The display queries: KEY 2 RATE = ? 8. Use the E-MEM numeric keypad...

4-22 Section 4— Switcher Operations Background and Matte Generator Operations Use the Background and Matte Generator controls to create a number of interesting mattes to serve as effects backgrounds or fills. The following topics are covered in this subsection: ■ Matte selection ■ User Defined Wash ...

4-23 Wipe Operations 2. Select BKGD 2 . 3. Adjusting the matte controls (Hue, Saturation, and Brightness) will now affect the second matte color. 4. Press and hold the User Defined Wash button. Adjust the Softness, Offset (or position) to enlarge the edge, or use TEXTURE to add a texture effect. 5. ...

4-24 Section 4— Switcher Operations Luminance and Linear Keying Operations Keys enable you to insert one picture into another to create a composite effect. For example, you may want to add a caption to a scene. For more information about keying, refer to Section 3: Switcher Concepts. To create a lum...

4-25 Luminance and Linear Keying Operations 5. Clip and gain adjustments are done differently for luminance and linear keying. In the Luminance Key Mode, clip and gain have a wider range of control. In Linear Key Mode, clip and Gain adjustments produce a modified Linear Key. This is indicated by the...

4-27 Luminance and Linear Keying Operations 16. You may also want to experiment with other key modifier selections such as KEY OPACITY on the Keyer Menu, and the various controls on the Keyer/Video Process Menu. 17. When you are finally done adjusting the key, transition the key on air as explained ...

4-29 Preset Pattern Keying Operations Preset Pattern Keying Operations A preset pattern key ( Figure 4-9 ) cuts a key hole in the background in the shape of a wipe pattern. The procedure for creating a preset pattern key is as follows: Select the Keyer KEY 1 , KEY 2 , or DSK button to delegate the k...

4-30 Section 4— Switcher Operations 5. To adjust the opacity of the key layer, adjust KEY OPACITY in the Keyer Menu. 6. Transition the key on air as explained previously. Figure 4-9. Preset Pattern Key — 1

4-32 Section 4— Switcher Operations Layered Mode Operations The M/E Keyers may be used in a Layering Mode. In Layered mode, the A and B buses function as keyers rather than background buses.This mode is selectable on the M/E Mode Menu. To set up Layered Mode: 1. Access the M/E Mode Menu, or double p...

4-33 Chroma Keying Operations Chroma Keying Operations Chroma keying allows you to key out a particular color in a scene and replace it with new background video. A typical application is to position a reporter in front of a blue wall and set up a chroma key to replace the blue wall with a weather m...

4-34 Section 4— Switcher Operations Auto Chroma Keying Procedure Chroma Keyer setup involves a number of interactive adjustments. Understanding the Auto Keying procedure significantly increases the quality of the keys produced. The studio setting has a major impact on the ability to produce a natura...

4-35 Chroma Keying Operations The Chroma Keyer accommodates a wide range of scenes and conditions. Very lifelike keys can be obtained with a well planned chroma key set. Usable keys can also be obtained when conditions are less than optimal by compromising edge softness. Many of the Keyer controls a...

4-36 Section 4— Switcher Operations 3. Select a neutral gray as the initial background signal. These adjustments can either be made manually or via an automatic setup mechanism. To use the Auto Setup continue with the following text; to use the Manual Adjustment procedure refer to page 4-37 . NOTE: ...

4-37 Chroma Keying Operations Basic Manual Adjustment If you prefer, you may perform the initial adjustments manually. Following these steps once or twice gives you a feel for what Auto Setup does for you in a few seconds. 1. On the control panel, set the Key CLIP and GAIN approximately in the middl...

4-38 Section 4— Switcher Operations c. Adjust GAIN slightly making the background barely opaque (black if looking at SHOW KEY ) d. Re-adjust CLIP slightly to make the foreground opaque and the GAIN slightly to make the background opaque in that order. CLIP has more effect on GAIN , so adjust it firs...

4-40 Section 4— Switcher Operations NOTE: Some artistic license may be used here: back off the LUMA background suppression to add some of the set's lighting variation present in the foreground signal into the background video, in essence creating shadows. If lighting variations are too great, turn o...

4-41 Chroma Keying Operations NOTE: SEC COLOR SUPRESSION is subtle and only applies to areas of the key which are translucent. a. Set SEC COLOR SUPPRESS to on, and set the SUPPRESS MODE to CHROMA . If you did not use Auto Setup, adjust the SEC COLOR SUPPRESS ANGLE to match the chroma keyer's hue. Th...

4-42 Section 4— Switcher Operations NOTES: Key edge-cleanup is not possible if FGD RESHAPE is off. Attempting to make these adjustments in that mode most likely makes the key worse, not better. You may also find adjusting LUMA background suppression also makes the edge less visible. This depends on ...

4-44 Section 4— Switcher Operations New Operational Mode Available – Version 5.1 and later Version 5.1 added a new operational mode to the existing mode on the E-MEM system: ■ Normal mode – pre-existing functionality ■ 300 Style mode – functional only for 3-M/E Switchers This mode setting is found i...

4-45 E-MEM (Effects Memory) Operations L e a r n A R e g i s t e r We will look at how the Learn operation works with Auto Run, Auto Recall, and Effects Dissolve in the Normal mode. A u t o R e c a l l ■ Auto Recall ON — Switcher learns the current Switcher enables into the Master E-MEM register ■ A...

4-46 Section 4— Switcher Operations Recall A Register We will look at how the Recall operation works with Auto Run, Auto Recall, and Effects Dissolve in the Normal mode. A u t o R e c a l l ■ Auto Recall ON — Switcher recalls learned enables before recalling the effect ■ Auto Recall OFF — Switcher d...

4-47 E-MEM (Effects Memory) Operations 300 Style Mode – 3-M/E Switchers Only In 300 Style mode, when you do a Learn or Recall, the Master E-MEM allows individual M/Es to “skew registers” (that is, allows M/Es to point to different registers) than the Master E-MEM is pointing and allows the Master E-...

4-48 Section 4— Switcher Operations Setup 1. Clear the switcher (see Clearing the Switcher ). 2. You will need the following sources: a. Background still b. Character generator Basic E-MEM Operations The following topics describe enabling register effects, storing and recalling effects, Effects Diss...

4-49 E-MEM (Effects Memory) Operations 2. Press E-MEM Subpanel Enables buttons M/E 1 and PGM/PST (buttons light). (You should have an effect set up on M/E 1. You may want to have sources selected on the M/E 1 ‘A’ and ‘B’ buses; one source selected on the PGM bus; and M/E 1 selected on the PST bus.) ...

4-50 Section 4— Switcher Operations Recalling an Effect 1. Turn off the LEARN button if it is lit. 2. Select BANK ↑ and 0 through 9 . (This step is optional if the bank that you want is already selected.) 3. Select the register pushbutton ( 0-9 ) containing the previously stored panel setup. The pan...

4-51 E-MEM (Effects Memory) Operations 4. Enter a rate from 0 – 999. If 1 or 2 numbers are entered, press ENTER to complete the rate entry. (If 3 numbers are used the completion is automatic.) 5. Enter the desired bank and register number. E-MEM Learn Sequence Operations Sequences made up of a serie...

4-52 Section 4— Switcher Operations P l a y B a c k t h e S e q u e n c e 1. Press SEQ . 2. Press BANK 2 , then 3 (register 23), which is the first register in the sequence built above. 3. The sequence will execute. Undo Function The UNDO button revokes the most recent E-MEM operation. To undo an ac...

4-53 Keyframe Operations Keyframe Operations The switcher can store more than one switcher state (a “keyframe”) on each enabled level in a single E-MEM register. A series of keyframes in an E-MEM register is called an effect. Once stored in E-MEM memory, an effect can be recalled and caused to trans...

4-54 Section 4— Switcher Operations Learn Keyframes To learn the first keyframe of the effect into an E-MEM register, setup a wipe pattern on a color background on M/E 1. Learn the switcher condition into empty register number 5. 1. Select M/E 1 on the PGM bus.Select M/E 1 on the A bus of M/E 2. 2. ...

4-55 Keyframe Operations 5. Press REV . Press RUN . 6. The effect now runs backwards, starting at keyframe #2, and ending with keyframe #1. NOTE: If the Enable source (for example, M/E 1) has been de-selected, it will appear as if the effect has been erased. Simply re-select the Enable button, and t...

4-56 Section 4— Switcher Operations 1. Recall the effect you created previously. 2. REWIND the effect to keyframe 1. 3. With the M/E 1 background/key still enabled, select another wipe pattern and “fly” it around the monitor. 4. Press INSRT BEFOR . You have just created a new keyframe #1. The ‘old’ ...

4-57 Keyframe Operations 3. Use the E-MEM Run Lever, or the Timeline Menu RUN soft knob, to position the Time Cursor to time 0:15f between keyframes 1 and 2. 4. Setup a new keyframe - chose a new wipe pattern and move it around. 5. Press INSRT AFTER . Note that new keyframe #2 is added at the curren...

4-58 Section 4— Switcher Operations The new rules are as follows: ■ If no delegated level has a keyframe at the current time (location of cursor), an Insert operation does an insert “on the path” on each delegated level. As before, an insert “on the path” does not increase the overall length of the ...

4-59 Keyframe Operations On delegated levels that are on a keyframe, modification of the keyframe occurs if something has changed. On delegated levels that are not on a keyframe, an insert “on-the-path” is done if something has changed. 1. Go to the keyframe you want to change. 2. Make the changes. ...

4-60 Section 4— Switcher Operations Run through the following steps to see how to manipulate timelines. 1. Recall the previous effect from the E-MEM register. Display the Timeline Menu. The display shows the current position in the effect. A cursor (called the ‘time cursor ’) shows the current time ...

4-61 Keyframe Operations Setting and Adjusting Start Times Timelines can be moved in relationship with each other by changing the start time of one timeline. 1. Recall a multiple level effect using M/E 1 and M/E 2. 2. Select Delegates Mode on the Keyframe Menu. 3. “Undelegate” M/E 1 by pressing its’...

4-62 Section 4— Switcher Operations Zoom and Pan Timeline Effects The ZOOM soft knob in the Timeline Menu is used to expand the timeline display for precise positioning of the Time Cursor. This allows you to examine adjacent keyframes in detail when you have a long timeline effect. The PAN soft knob...

4-63 Keyframe Operations U s i n g Z o o m a n d P a n You can use this procedure to see how the Zoom and Pan features work. 1. Recall an effect with 6 keyframes and a duration of 5 seconds. Place the time cursor at KF 1, 0:00. 2. Adjust the ZOOM soft knob to a setting of 1.9x in order to see keyfra...

4-64 Section 4— Switcher Operations Cut, Copy, and Paste Keyframes You can change the position of keyframes with the Cut, Copy, and Paste functions. The current keyframe can be copied and removed from an effect by pressing CUT . NOTE: Be sure the level is not locked on the E-MEM register when doing ...

4-65 Keyframe Operations 4. Rewind and run the effect. Note that the first and last keyframes are identical. 5. Press GO TO KF, 4, ENTER . Press CUT. 6. Rewind and run the effect. Note that the effect is now back to its original form, and there are four keyframes total. Effects Editing with Get and ...

4-66 Section 4— Switcher Operations Constant Duration Mode Constant Duration editing changes the way keyframes are inserted and deleted. In Constant Duration mode, adding or deleting keyframes does not change the total effect duration. It does modify the preceding keyframe duration to keep the total...

4-67 Keyframe Operations HOLD stops a crosspoint from changing when an effect is recalled or a keyframe with new source information is encountered. All parameters hold at their starting values throughout the keyframe duration. HOLD stops the interpolation process between keyframes, causing a “pop” b...

4-68 Section 4— Switcher Operations Effects Send Operations (Option) The Effects Send option (purchased separately) allows video/key signals in an M/E to be routed outside the switcher for processing by an external device such as a DPM (Digital Picture Manipulator), and then brought back into the sa...

4-70 Section 4— Switcher Operations Effects Send Looping Mode Looping mode takes the output of an M/E Keyer, sends it to an external DPM, then returns the DPM output to the Mix/Wipe circuit of the same switcher M/E. 1. Access the Aux Menu. a. Use the LOG AUX SELECT button to select Aux 1 . b. Press ...

4-71 Frame Store Operations (Option) Frame Store Operations (Option) The Frame Store function provides the ability to separately freeze, and store, video and key signals to use in building effects. In addition, the Drop Shadow feature lets you produce a “positionable” drop shadow when using Frame St...

4-72 Section 4— Switcher Operations Still Image Storage Video and key can be frozen either separately or simultaneously through the use of panel controls. In addition, the system has the ability to layer stills in a recursive manner. The system accomplishes this by sending the output of the frame st...

4-73 Frame Store Operations (Option) Video and Key The Frame Store function can be assigned to either a video channel or a key channel. Video and key channels may also be selected simultaneously if video and key channels are mapped to the same crosspoint. Operations that can be independently set for...

4-74 Section 4— Switcher Operations Freeze Mode Freeze selects between “live” and “frozen” pictures. A frozen picture is like a snapshot you take with a still camera. The freeze/ unfreeze function toggles between the two states. Press the FRZE button once to freeze (it high tallies) , press a second...

4-76 Section 4— Switcher Operations Repositioning Use Repositioning (Frame Store/Video Store/Reposition Menu) to move a live or frozen image off the screen in any direction. Mosaics Use Mosaic to control the size and aspect of mosaic tiles in a live or frozen video. Pseudo Color Use Pseudo Color to ...

4-77 Frame Store Operations (Option) Mask Store Option The Mask Store function provides the ability to freeze and store mask signals to use in building effects. This function requires version 5.2 software and new Frame Store and Mask Store hardware. NOTE: You may want to browse the descriptions belo...

4-78 Section 4— Switcher Operations Setting the BRUSH SOFTNESS to a low number ( Softness=0% ) creates a hard-edged brush which prevents leaks.) First, press the FILL SHAPE button to get a “cross hair” cursor. Then touch the graphics tablet pen inside the shape to be filled; the filling action begin...

4-79 Frame Store Operations (Option) Softening a Mask Store Image Soften the edges of a Mask Store image using the soften function available in the Mask Store Menu. Press the SOFTEN button repeatedly to obtain the desired softness. Note that you can not decrease the softness with the SOFTEN button, ...

4-80 Section 4— Switcher Operations Setting up the Mask Draw 1. Use one of the two operations listed below to view the Mask Draw function: ■ Using the Map Inputs Menu, map a switcher crosspoint button to the Mask Store, then select that crosspoint for viewing. ■ To view the drawn mask on a preview m...

4-81 Frame Store Operations (Option) Mask Draw Using Key Channel Software Version 5.2 and later allows the Mask Draw feature to be used in a Model 2200 Switcher (the Model 2200 does not have a Mask Store module available) or in a Model 4000 Switcher which does not have the Mask Store Option installe...

4-82 Section 4— Switcher Operations 6. Use one of the two operations listed below to view the Key Store while using the Mask Draw feature: ■ Using the Map Inputs Menu, map a switcher crosspoint button to the Key Store, then select that crosspoint for viewing. ■ To view the Mask and see its effect on...

4-83 Floppy Disk Drive Operations Floppy Disk Drive Operations The switcher floppy disk subsystem is used to store and recall effects files stored in E-MEM registers, and to store and recall system configuration setups. You can also: ■ Format diskettes ■ Create directories and files ■ View the diske...

4-84 Section 4— Switcher Operations Creating Directories and Files In this procedure you create two new directories; one for E-MEM files, and one for Configuration files. Then you will create one E-MEM file, and one Configuration file. 1. Insert a formatted diskette into the disk drive. 2. Select th...

4-85 Floppy Disk Drive Operations b. Press the NAME FILE button to complete this menu and invoke the Name File Menu. 3. In the Name File Menu, select the characters “Effect1” in the File Name box, then press the ACCEPT NAME button. (A maximum of eight characters may be used.) 4. Confirm the name wit...

4-86 Section 4— Switcher Operations Loading – Recalling E-MEM Files from Disk This procedure describes loading E-MEM files. You can load a stored E-MEM effect from disk into an E-MEM register (for example, register #23). You can also load an entire E-MEM bank (of 10 registers), or all E-MEM register...

4-87 Floppy Disk Drive Operations Loading (Recalling) Configuration Files from Disk This procedure describes loading switcher configuration files. You can load all or part of a stored switcher configuration. 1. Insert your diskette into the switcher disk drive. 2. Access the Disk Menu. Press the CHI...

4-88 Section 4— Switcher Operations 4. Use VIEW BY NAME to list filenames in the current directory in alphabetical order. 5. Use VIEW BY EXT to list filenames by extension (such as .Rnn, for register, or .CFG, for configuration) in the current directory in alphabetical order. Deleting Files and Dire...

4-89 Floppy Disk Drive Operations D e l e t i n g D i r e c t o r i e s 1. Highlight the desired directory in the Disk Menu. 2. Press DELETE FILE . CAUTION You are allowed to delete all existing files and subdirectories within a directory you choose to delete. A Delete Menu dialog box will notify yo...

A-1 NOTE: This appendix applies specifically to the Model 2200, Model 3000, and Model 4000 Switchers, but the general principals discussed here may apply as well to other switchers and other devices. Introduction The purpose of this appendix is to explain what shaped video and unshaped video are, wh...

A-2 Appendix A — Shaped and Unshaped Video S h a p e d V i d e o —Fill video that has been “multiplied” by a key signal to produce a raster image to be inserted into a key hole cut in background video by the same key signal. (An example of shaped video is the fill video output of a character generat...

A-3 Input Shaped and Unshaped Video Configuring the Input Press the CONFG button on the Switchers main menu panel, then the INPUTS soft button in the Configuration menu, and the MAP INPUTS button in the Inputs menu to bring up the Map Inputs menu, shown in Figure A-1 . For each crosspoint selected o...

A-4 Appendix A — Shaped and Unshaped Video Examples of Operation With Shaped & Unshaped Fill Video NOTE: Since the shaped fill video must be accurately timed to the key signal, it normally must come from the same external device that generates the key. Illustrations are included on the following...

A-5 Examples of Operation With Shaped & Unshaped Fill Video Figure A-3. Appearance of Shaped Video From DPM Figure A-4. Appearance of Unshaped Video From DPM

A-6 Appendix A — Shaped and Unshaped Video Correct Input Configuration Figure A-5 and Figure A-7 show how the switcher handles the fill video when the input shaped/unshaped selection in the Configuration/Inputs/Map Inputs menu is set correctly to match the input signal that is mapped to the selected...

A-7 Examples of Operation With Shaped & Unshaped Fill Video Figure A-6 shows what the video looks like on the monitor when the SHAPED/UNSHAPED selection is made correctly in the menu. Figure A-6. Appearance of Video When Input Configuration is Set Correctly Correct Operation With Unshaped Fill V...

A-8 Appendix A — Shaped and Unshaped Video Figure A-7. Correct Unshaped Keying Operation x x + Invert Background Keyhole in Background Key Foreground (Key Fill) UNSHAPED selected in Map Inputs Menu (turns ON Shaping Circuit) Unshaped Shaped Video Background plus Foreground 0000-01

A-9 Examples of Operation With Shaped & Unshaped Fill Video Incorrect Input Configuration Figure A-8 and Figure A-10 show how the fill video is handled by the switcher when the shaped/unshaped selection in the Configuration/Inputs/Map Inputs menu is set incorrectly for the input signal that is m...

A-10 Appendix A — Shaped and Unshaped Video Figure A-9 shows what the video looks like on the monitor when the input fill video is shaped, but UNSHAPED is selected in the Map Inputs menu. Figure A-9. Incorrect Video With Shaped Input and UNSHAPED Selected Incorrect Operation With Unshaped Fill Video...

A-11 Examples of Operation With Shaped & Unshaped Fill Video Figure A-10. Incorrect Operation with Unshaped Input x + Invert Background Keyhole in Background Key Foreground (Key Fill) Unshaped Unshaped Video Background plus Foreground White Halo Around Key 0000-03 SHAPED selected in Map Inputs M...

A-13 Output Shaped and Unshaped Video Output Shaped and Unshaped Video In addition to the input shaped/unshaped selections, the switchers have output selections that allow you to set the switcher output for either shaped or unshaped fill video. Shaped video is the preferred setting if the designatio...

A-15 Output Shaped and Unshaped Video When the Effects Send option is not present, the VIDEO/KEY FMT selections are not visible in the menu. Figure A-13. Model 4000 and Model 2200 Aux Bus Shaping Menu (Software v5.0) AUX BUS SHAPING MENU config/aux bus format/aux bus shaping LOGICAL PHYSICAL PHYS AU...

A-16 Appendix A — Shaped and Unshaped Video Installation Considerations The concepts presented in this appendix are helpful when designing a video facility, interconnecting equipment, and configuring the equipment. Keep the following points in mind when putting a system together: ■ When interconnect...

A-17 Installation Considerations Since the M/E keyers produce shaped video, GVG recommends the use of the Effects Send option for communicating between these switchers and Kaleidoscope. You should also use Aux Bus 1 through 4 (1 and 2 on 2200) switcher outputs to feed Kaleidoscope. Even without the ...

B-1 B Appendix B — Keyframe Facts Keyframe Timelines Master Timeline The Master Timeline is a tool for developing a consistent set of rules and operations for editing effects and synchronizing events across multiple independent timelines. The Master Timeline is a single timeline representation of th...

B-2 Appendix B — Keyframe Facts If the keyframes occur at different points in time on the various enabled E-MEM levels, it is possible that the keyframe durations on the Master Timeline will not match any of the individual E-MEM keyframe durations. The Master Timeline provides consistency so that wh...

B-4 Appendix B — Keyframe Facts be modified. Those levels which are enabled but not delegated will not be modified. It is recommended that you do selective insertions of keyframes by using the DELEGATES function. That is, that you only insert a keyframe on a level if it has value. Extra keyframes ge...

B-5 Keyframe Path Control P a t h V e c t o r s With respect to the path between keyframes, each keyframe is made up of three vector parameters as shown below. The soft knob controls act on these vector parameters to adjust the path into (entry) and out of (exit) the keyframe. The path through KF2 i...

B-6 Appendix B — Keyframe Facts T e n s i o n C o n t r o l In the example below, the keyframes are at right angles so the TENSION control operates on a 45° line drawn through the keyframe. This line is referred to as the Tension Vector and is parallel to a line drawn between adjacent keyframes (see...

B-7 Keyframe Path Control In Example 2, the TENSION control is increased to 1.00, so that the Tension vector is shortened to non-existence through KF2. The path enters and leaves the middle keyframe in a straight line as it takes on an S-Linear motion; decelerating as it enters the middle keyframe a...

B-8 Appendix B — Keyframe Facts In Example 3, the TENSION control has been set to -1.00. This produces an effect of lengthening the Tension vector, causing the path through the middle keyframe to be longer and broader. The longer path will appear to make the image speed up through KF2 as it travels ...

B-9 Keyframe Path Control Continuity Control The continuity adjustment determines the angle of the path into and out of the keyframe. It is represented by vectors at 90 degrees to each as shown in Example 4. Example 4 The unmodified path shown above is identical to the unmodified path of the other c...

B-10 Appendix B — Keyframe Facts With continuity set to 1.00, the entry path through the keyframe is pulled to point at the following keyframe or exit path. The effect of 1.00 continuity is that of motion dropping into and then out of the keyframe, similar to a bouncing ball (see Example 5). Example...

B-11 Keyframe Path Control With continuity set to -1.00, the paths between the keyframes become straight lines, accelerating through the keyframe (see Example 6). Example 6 Continuity = -1.00 KF1 KF2 KF3 +1.0 -1.0 -1.0 +1.0

B-12 Appendix B — Keyframe Facts Bias Control The BIAS control determines whether the path will be “pulled” towards the previous or the following keyframe. With extreme settings, all of the biasing will occur either before or after KF2. With bias set to 0, the curve through the keyframe is gentle as...

B-13 Keyframe Path Control With the bias set to 1.00, the path is pulled towards the previous keyframe. Entrance and exit to the keyframe are on a straight line from the previous keyframe (see Example 8), and the path of the effect travels completely through KF2 before turning towards KF3. Example 8...

B-14 Appendix B — Keyframe Facts With the bias set to -1.00, the path is pulled towards the following keyframe. Entrance and exit to the keyframe are a straight line pointed to the following keyframe (see Example 9). Example 9 Bias = -1.0 KF1 KF2 KF3 Exit Bias Tension Vector + - Bias

C-2 Appendix C — Super Black Usage A typical use of super black is when a prerecorded element such as a flying logo is to be keyed in at the opening of a show. The flying logo is keyed over super black and recorded on tape. (The VTR must be adjusted to record the super black level and to reproduce i...

C-3 Using the Super Black Output Drawbacks of using a Super Black Output: ■ The reconstruction of the video and key is rarely perfect, and quite a bit of control adjustment is necessary to produce the best results. ■ Keying from Super Black produces a hard-edged key only. No shadows, softness, or tr...

C-4 Appendix C — Super Black In the Model 3000, 4000, and 2200 Switchers, there are two ways to produce Super Black: First Method This is the traditional “Key over a Super Black Matte” Mode. With this method, you use one of the background matte generators as a Super Black generator. NOTE: When Super...

C-5 Using the Super Black Output Each output module has four channels that are arranged with the video and key on adjacent channels. For example, the Program Output module is arranged as follows: Channel 3 -> Program VideoChannel 4 -> Program Key The Configuration/Outputs menu allows you to tu...

G-1 G Glossary A Abort: An instruction used to terminate execution of a computer program or routine. Accumulating Latch: Electronic circuitry that allows several signals to be latched on at the same time and then combined to produce a compound effect. Active Video: The portion of a video signal that...

Glossary G-2 Background Video: (1) Video that forms a background scene into which a key may be inserted. Background video comes from the PROGRAM and PRESET background buses, or from the A and B Background buses in an M/E. (2) A video output generated by the Background generator within the switcher f...

Glossary G-3 C Caption: See Title. Character Generator: An electronic device that produces letters, numbers, and symbols for video output. Chroma: The attribute of light combining hue and saturation, independent of intensity. The color perceived is determined by the relative proportions of the three...

Glossary G-5 setup change smoothly over a predetermined time to those of another effects setup. E-MEM® (Effects Memory): A GVG effects- memory system capable of storing and recalling switch and control settings of switcher effects configurations. Encoded Chroma Key: A chroma key which uses an encode...

Glossary G-7 Hue: The attribute of light (wavelength, frequency) which determines the color perceived (red, blue, green etc). Specified by phase relationship to color burst in composite video. Any saturated color which is not one of the three primaries may be treated as a combination of two primarie...

Glossary G-8 Load: To transfer data to or from a storage device. Looping Input, Loop-through: An input that includes two connectors. One connector accepts the input signal, and the other connector is used as an output for connecting the input signal to another piece of equipment or to a monitor. Lum...

Glossary G-10 Pattern Limit: A transition limit in which a preset position of the pattern edge between two video signals is stored in microprocessor memory. Full movement of the Mix/Effects lever arm or Auto Transition performs a mix or wipe to or from the preset limit. Pattern Modulation: An oscill...

Glossary G-11 RAM (Random Access Memory): A computer memory system that allows rapid storage and retrieval of information. It is (usually) considered volatile in that the information is lost if power is interrupted. Raster: The area of a TV picture tube that is scanned by the electron beam. Real Tim...

Glossary G-12 Split Key: A key mode in which the key signal and the key video are from different sources. Spotlight: A highlight effect produced by superimposing a full-strength video signal shaped by a wipe pattern over an attenuated (darkened) signal from the same video source. Subcarrier: A sine ...

Glossary G-13 Video Key: A self key or chroma key in which the fill signal is video from the video key source or a matte from one of the matte generators. W Wipe: A transition between two video signals that is defined by the shape of a pre-selected pattern. The movement of the pattern edge is contro...

Index-1 A Analog Input Timing setup 2-28 Analog Key Inputs assigning 2-27 , 2-28 Analog Video Inputs assigning 2-25 , 2-26 Aspect Ratio setup 2-19 Auto Delegation 3-4 Auto Setup, Chroma Key 4-36 AUTO TRANS 4-9 , 4-12 Aux Bus Mapping, DPM 2-52 Aux Bus Shaped/Unshaped 2-64 Aux Buses, formatting 2-63 B...