Page 3 - WARRANTY; LIMITATION OF WARRANTY
WARRANTY Keithley Instruments, Inc. warrants this product to be free from defects in material and workmanship for a period of one (1) year from date of shipment. Keithley Instruments, Inc. warrants the following items for 90 days from the date of shipment: probes, cables, software, rechargeable batt...
Page 7 - Safety Precautions
Safety Precautions 11/07 The following safety precautions should be observed before using this product and any associated instrumentation. Although some instruments and accessories would normally be used with non-hazardous voltages, there are situations where hazardous conditions may be present. Thi...
Page 9 - Table of Contents; Getting Started
Table of Contents 1 Getting Started Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1-2 User’s Manual content and structure ............................................................... 1-2 Capabilities and features ..........
Page 11 - Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance
Front panel sweep operation ................................................................................... 4-5 Using the sweep configuration menu ............................................................... 4-5 Performing a staircase sweep .......................................................
Page 12 - Specifications
6 Averaging Filter, Math, and Buffer Averaging filter ....................................................................................................... 6-2 Averaging filter characteristics ........................................................................ 6-2 Filter setup and control ......
Page 13 - List of Illustrations
List of Illustrations 1 Getting Started Figure 1-1 Models 6220 and 6621 front panels .................................................................... 1-5 Figure 1-2 Model 622x rear panel ........................................................................................ 1-8 Figure 1-3 Menu ...
Page 15 - List of Tables; DC Current Source Operation
List of Tables 3 DC Current Source Operation Table 3-1 Source ranges and maximum outputs ................................................................. 3-2 Table 3-2 DC output commands ....................................................................................... 3-15 4 Sweeps Table 4-1 ...
Page 17 - Section 1 topics
1 Getting Started Section 1 topics Introduction , page 1-2 Menus , page 1-13 User’s Manual content and structure , page 1-2 CONFIG menus , page 1-13 Capabilities and features , page 1-2 Direct access menus , page 1-13 General information , page 1-3 Editing controls , page 1-14 Warranty information ,...
Page 18 - Introduction; User’s Manual content and structure; Delta
1-2 Getting Started Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 1 topics Introduction User’s Manual content and structure This User’s Manual is provided as a hardcopy and is also provided on the sup-plied Product Information CD in PDF format. The User’s Manual is an abbreviated version of the op...
Page 19 - General information; Warranty information; WARNING; Unpacking and inspection; Inspection for damage
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Getting Started 1-3 Return to Section 1 topics General information Warranty information Warranty information is located at the front of this manual. Should your Model 622x require warranty service, contact the Keithley representative or authorized repair facility in you...
Page 20 - Handling precautions; Options and accessories; Front and rear panel familiarization; Front panel summaries; CONFIG
1-4 Getting Started Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 1 topics to the shipping agent immediately. Save the original packing carton for possible future shipment. Before removing the Model 622x from the bag, observe the fol-lowing handling precautions. Handling precautions • Always grasp...
Page 22 - Special keys and power switch:
1-6 Getting Started Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 1 topics 1 Special keys and power switch: EDIT/LOCAL Dual function – While in local, EDIT selects the source editing mode. While in remote, LOCAL cancel the remote mode. CONFIG Use to configure a function or operation. POWER Power s...
Page 23 - Output control and LED status indicator:
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Getting Started 1-7 Return to Section 1 topics Bottom Row SAVE Saves up to five instrument setups for future recall, and selects power-on setup. SETUP Restores a default setup (preset or *RST) or a user saved setup. TRIAX Configures triax connector: Inner shield and Out...
Page 24 - Rear panel summaries; Model 622x rear panel
1-8 Getting Started Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 1 topics Rear panel summaries The rear panel of the Models 622x is shown in Figure 1-2 . The Model 6221 rear panel is shown, but the Model 6220 is identical except it does not have the Ether-net connector. The descriptions of the re...
Page 25 - LO and GUARD; TRIGGER LINK; Heat sink and cooling vents
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Getting Started 1-9 Return to Section 1 topics 4 DIGITAL I/O Male DB-9 connector. Four pins for digital output, one pin for Start of Test (SOT) trigger, and one for external voltage (VEXT) input. 5 RS-232 Female DB-9 connector: • For RS-232 operation, use a straight-thr...
Page 27 - Line power connection; CAUTION
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Getting Started 1-11 Return to Section 1 topics • Rack mounting high power dissipation equipment adjacent to the Model 622x could cause excessive heating to occur. The specified ambient temperature must be maintained around the surfaces of the Model 622x to specified ac...
Page 28 - Disabling the front panel
1-12 Getting Started Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 1 topics WARNING The power cord supplied with the Model 622x contains a sepa-rate ground wire for use with grounded outlets. When proper connections are made, instrument chassis is connected to power line ground through the ground ...
Page 29 - Menus; CONFIG menus
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Getting Started 1-13 Return to Section 1 topics Menus Many aspects of operation are configured through menus. A direct access menu can be opened by pressing a single key, and other menus require that the CONGIF key be pressed before pressing another key. CONFIG menus Mo...
Page 30 - AMPL; FREQ; MAIN menu; MENU; Editing controls; Source and compliance editing; Menu navigation; Menu editing keys
1-14 Getting Started Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 1 topics Model 6221: AMPL opens menu to set AMPL: (value) ( Section 7 ). FREQ opens menu to set FREQ (frequency) ( Section 7 ). MAIN menu The MAIN MENU is a direct access menu that is opened by pressing the MENU key. Menu items inc...
Page 32 - Password
1-16 Getting Started Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 1 topics Model 6221 menu navigation Editing for the Model 6221 is basically the same as editing for the Model 6220, except for the following differences: • Cursor control is provided by the Cursor Keys located under the rotary knob...
Page 33 - Remote interface; GPIB; ADDR; Error and status messages; NOTE Interface selection and configuration can be performed
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Getting Started 1-17 Return to Section 1 topics Remote interface For remote operation, one of the following interfaces can be used: GPIB, RS-232, and (for the Model 6221) Ethernet. When using the GPIB, the SCPI or KI-220 lan-uage can be used. GPIB At the factory, the GP...
Page 34 - Default settings; Save and restore setups; Remote programming
1-18 Getting Started Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 1 topics Default settings The Model 622x can be restored to one of seven setup configurations: five user-saved setups, PRESET (bench defaults), and *RST (bus defaults). As shipped from the factory, the Model 622x powers up to the P...
Page 35 - Select power-on setup; SCPI programming; Optional command words
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Getting Started 1-19 Return to Section 1 topics Select power-on setup Power-on to PRESET defaults: Press SETUP > Select POWER ON > Select PRESET Power-on to *RST defaults: Press SETUP > Select POWER ON > Select *RST Power-on to user setup: Press SETUP > S...
Page 37 - Output Connections; Section 2 topics
2 Output Connections Section 2 topics Output connectors , page 2-2 Triax connector , page 2-2 Ground points , page 2-3 LO and GUARD banana jacks , page 2-3 INTERLOCK , page 2-4 Output configurations , page 2-5 Triax inner shield , page 2-6 Triax output low , page 2-7 Guards , page 2-8 Triax Cable Gu...
Page 38 - Output connectors; Triax connector; Triax connector and grounds points; Triax connector terminals; Center conductor; OUTPUT
2-2 Output Connections Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 2 topics Output connectors Triax connector Current source output is accessed at the 3-lug female triax connector on the rear panel. Use a 3-slot male triax cable to make connections to this connector. A triax cable terminated wit...
Page 39 - Ground points; LO banana jack; GUARD
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Output Connections 2-3 Return to Section 2 topics shield connection setting. See “ Triax Cable Guard ” on page 2-8 for details on using the Cable Guard. Outer shield – The outer shield of the triax connector is always connected to Earth Ground of the Model 622x (see “ G...
Page 40 - GUARD banana jack; INTERLOCK
2-4 Output Connections Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 2 topics GUARD banana jack The GUARD available at the banana jack is different from CABLE GUARD that can be accessed at the triax cable. See “ Guards ” on page 2-8 for more informa- tion. INTERLOCK The Model 622x is equipped with...
Page 43 - Triax output low
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Output Connections 2-7 Return to Section 2 topics Commands for triax inner shield connection: Example – Turns off the current source OUTPUT and connects the inner shield of the OUTPUT connector to Cable Guard: OUTPut OFF OUTPut:ISHield GUARd Triax output low Output Low ...
Page 44 - Triax Cable Guard
2-8 Output Connections Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 2 topics Guards The Model 622x provides two guards: triax Cable Guard and banana jack Guard. Cable Guard – This guard provides a voltage that is at essentially the same potential as Output High of the Model 622x. Guarding may gre...
Page 45 - When to use Cable Guard; Floating the current source
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Output Connections 2-9 Return to Section 2 topics When to use Cable Guard When to use Cable Guard is a judgement call that must be made by the user. In general, Cable Guard is used to reduce leakage current for high-impedance DUT, and reduce capacitance in the triax cab...
Page 46 - Basic connections; Basic connections to DUT; Shields and guarding; Noise shield connections
2-10 Output Connections Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 2 topics Basic connections Basic connections can be used for low voltage (not greater than 30Vrms, 42Vpeak) testing where guarding and/or noise shielding are not required. Basic connections to a DUT are shown in Figure 2-6 . Use...
Page 47 - Noise shield; Safety shield connections; Safety shield; Cable Guard connections
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Output Connections 2-11 Return to Section 2 topics Figure 2-7 Noise shield Safety shield connections A safety shield must be used whenever hazardous voltages ( > 30Vrms, 42Vpeak) will be present. The metal safety shield must completely surround DUT test cir-cuitry an...
Page 48 - Using shielding and guarding together; Connections for noise shield, safety shield, and guarding
2-12 Output Connections Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 2 topics Figure 2-9 Cable Guard connections – triax inner shield connected to Cable Guard A safety shield must be used whenever hazardous voltages ( > 30Vrms, 42Vpeak) will be present in the test circuit. Figure 2-10 shows ho...
Page 49 - NOTE Guidelines to build a safe, high performance test fixture
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Output Connections 2-13 Return to Section 2 topics Using a test fixture In order to faciliate safe operation and optimum performance, a safety test fixture with a built-in interlock switch must be used. The interlock switch of the test fixture is to be connected to the ...
Page 50 - Section 3 topics; NOTE The information in this section is an abbreviated version of
3 DC Current Source Operation Section 3 topics Current source output capabilities , page 3-2 Source ranges , page 3-2 Compliance , page 3-3 Output power (source or sink) , page 3-3 Output response , page 3-5 Setting source and compliance , page 3-8 Source and compliance editing , page 3-8 Sourcing c...
Page 51 - Autorange
3-2 DC Current Source Operation Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 3 topics Current source output capabilities • Nine ranges to source current from 100fA to 105mA. • Compliance can be set from 0.1V to 105V in 10mV steps. • Maximum output power is 11W. • Four quadrant (source and sink) s...
Page 52 - Compliance; Compliance overshoot
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual DC Current Source Operation 3-3 Return to Section 3 topics Compliance The compliance setting limits the output voltage of the Model 622x. The voltage compliance limit can be set from 0.1V to 105V in 10mV steps. The output will not exceed the programmed compliance level....
Page 53 - Source and sink examples; Operating boundaries
3-4 DC Current Source Operation Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 3 topics When operating as a sink, the Model 622x is dissipating power rather than sourc-ing it. The polarity of the current and voltage seen at the output is opposite (one positive, one negative). An external source or ...
Page 54 - Analog filter
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual DC Current Source Operation 3-5 Return to Section 3 topics Figure 3-2 Output boundaries (source and sink) Output response Output response is the time it takes for an output change to settle to within 1% of its final value. For the Model 6220, output response (settling t...
Page 55 - NOTE The above example is only intended to show how load
3-6 DC Current Source Operation Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 3 topics For example, assume the Model 6221 is on the 2mA range and FAST response is selected. For this configuration, the Settling Time is specified at 2µs (typical). Also assume the load impedance is 1k Ω . With the an...
Page 56 - Settling time specifications; NOTE All settling times are typical into a resistive load to 1% of
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual DC Current Source Operation 3-7 Return to Section 3 topics Response speed setting (6221 only) The filter response speed of the Model 6221 can be set for FAST or SLOW. For the SLOW setting, the output response of the Model 6221 is the same as the out-put response of the ...
Page 57 - Source and compliance editing – Model 6220
3-8 DC Current Source Operation Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 3 topics Setting source and compliance Source and compliance editing from the front panel cannot be performed from the front panel if the Model 622x is in remote. To return to the local state, press the LOCAL key. For re...
Page 60 - Front panel operation
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual DC Current Source Operation 3-11 Return to Section 3 topics Autorange Front panel operation The AUTO range key is a single action control to select the best fixed range for the displayed source value. After setting a source value, pressing AUTO will ensure that the best...
Page 63 - Example; NOTE In order to turn on the output, an interlock switch must
3-14 DC Current Source Operation Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 3 topics Example – Enables the analog filter and, for the Model 6221, sets the output response to fast: 4. Turn on the output. The OUTPUT key toggles the output state (on or off). When the output is turned on, the OUTPU...
Page 64 - DC output commands
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual DC Current Source Operation 3-15 Return to Section 3 topics Remote programming – source output commands Table 3-2 lists the commands to configure and control the DC output. A program- ming example to output DC current is also provided. 1. To select a fixed source range,...
Page 65 - Programming example; Applications
3-16 DC Current Source Operation Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 3 topics Programming example The following programming example shows a typical command sequence to con-figure and control the DC output: Applications Some applications for the Model 622x are summarized below. See Append...
Page 66 - Sweeps; Section 4 topics
4 Sweeps Section 4 topics Sweep overview, page 4-2 Linear staircase sweep, page 4-2 Logarithmic staircase sweep, page 4-2 Custom sweep, page 4-2 Sweep characteristics, page 4-4 Custom sweep editing, page 4-4 Using auto-copy with custom sweeps, page 4-4 Source ranging, page 4-4 Sweep delay, page 4-5 ...
Page 67 - Sweep overview; Linear staircase sweep; NOTE User setups cannot be saved or recalled while a sweep is
4-2 Sweeps Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 4 topics Sweep overview As shown in Figure 4-1 , the Model 622x Current Source can generate three types of DC current sweeps. Linear staircase sweep With this sweep type, the current increases or decreases in specific steps, begin-ning with ...
Page 68 - Comparison of sweep types
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Sweeps 4-3 Return to Section 4 topics Figure 4-1 Comparison of sweep types Bias Start 5mA (Stop) Bias Start Stop 0.1mA 1mA 10mA 100mA Bias First Point Last Point A. Linear Staircase Sweep B. Logarithmic Staircase Sweep Logarithmic scale shown for staircase steps. C. Cus...
Page 69 - Sweep characteristics; Custom sweep editing; Using auto-copy with custom sweeps; BEST; AUTO; FIXED; NOTE Jitter – Step-to-step sweep timing may jitter as much as 1ms.
4-4 Sweeps Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 4 topics Sweep characteristics Custom sweep editing A typical custom sweep editing display is shown below: P12345: +1.234567 mA Del:123456.789s Cmpl:100.00 V The leftmost value on the top line is the point number, and the next value is the a...
Page 70 - Sweep delay; Front panel sweep operation; Using the sweep configuration menu; Sweep configuration menu
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Sweeps 4-5 Return to Section 4 topics Sweep delay The sweep delay parameter determines how long the Model 622x will remain on each sweep step once the output current is set to the step value. For linear and logarithmic staircase sweeps, the sweep delay period is the sam...
Page 71 - Performing a staircase sweep; Configure source functions; Run sweep
4-6 Sweeps Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 4 topics Performing a staircase sweep 1. Configure source functions : a. If desired, set the bias current (output current prior to the start of the sweep) by pressing the DC key and then setting the current to the desired value. b. Select th...
Page 72 - Performing a custom sweep; Configure the sweep as follows
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Sweeps 4-7 Return to Section 4 topics Performing a custom sweep 1. Configure the bias current (output current prior to the start of the sweep) by pressing the DC key and then setting the current to the desired value. 2. Configure the sweep as follows : a. Press CONFIG t...
Page 73 - Remote sweep operation; Sweep example parameters
4-8 Sweeps Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 4 topics Remote sweep operation Procedures for programming and running a sweep are shown on the following pages. Each of these procedures includes commands for a typical sweep exam-ple. Table 4-2 summarizes parameters for each of these examp...
Page 74 - Running a staircase sweep; Configure the sweep; Arm and run the sweep
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Sweeps 4-9 Return to Section 4 topics Running a staircase sweep 1. Configure source functions . Examples – The following commands restore defaults, set the bias current to 100 μ A, and the compliance to 10V: 2. Configure the sweep . Examples – The following commands con...
Page 75 - Running a custom sweep
4-10 Sweeps Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 4 topics Running a custom sweep 1. Configure source functions . Examples – The following commands restore defaults and set the bias current to 50 μ A: 2. Configure the sweep . Examples – The following commands configure a single custom swee...
Page 76 - SCPI commands — sweeps; Staircase sweep commands (linear and logarithmic)
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Sweeps 4-11 Return to Section 4 topics SCPI commands — sweeps Commands for linear and logarithmic staircase sweeps are listed in Table 4-3 , while commands for custom (list) sweeps are listed in Table 4-4 . Table 4-3 Staircase sweep commands (linear and logarithmic) Com...
Page 77 - Command
4-12 Sweeps Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 4 topics Table 4-4 Custom (list) sweep commands Command Description SOURce[1]:LIST:CURRent <NRf> [,<NRf>, ...<NRf>] Defines list of currents. <NRf> = -0.105 to 0.105 (A) SOURce[1]:LIST:CURRent:APPend <NRf> [,&l...
Page 78 - Differential Conductance; Section 5 topics
5 Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance Section 5 topics Operation overview , page 5-2 Delta , page 5-13 Model 622x measurement process , page 5-13 Test systems , page 5-4 Configuration settings , page 5-15 Keithley instrumentation requirements , page 5-4 Operation , page 5-16 System conf...
Page 79 - Operation overview
5-2 Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 5 topics Operation overview The Model 6220 or 6221 Current Source can be used with a Model 2182/2182A Nanovoltmeter to perform Delta and Differential Conductance. The Model 6221/2182A combination can...
Page 80 - Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance measurements
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance 5-3 Return to Section 5 topics Figure 5-1 Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance measurements DELTA Reading 1st 622x I-Source 0 1st Delta Cycle 2nd Delta Cycle I-High I-Low 3rd Delta Cycle 4th Delta Cycle DELTA ...
Page 81 - Test systems; Keithley instrumentation requirements; System configurations; PC control system; NOTE Supplied example software allows you to control Model
5-4 Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 5 topics Test systems Keithley instrumentation requirements Keithley instrumentation requirements for Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Con-ductance are: • Models 6220 and 2182 – Delta and Differe...
Page 82 - Serial communications; System connections; Connections – stand-alone system
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance 5-5 Return to Section 5 topics Serial communications In order to perform Delta, Pulse Delta, or Differential Conductance measure-ments, the Model 622x must communicate to the Model 2182/2182A over the serial (RS-232) inte...
Page 83 - Trigger Link; System connections – stand-alone operation; Connections – PC control system; RS-232 and Trigger Link
5-6 Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 5 topics Trigger Link – The Trigger Link synchronizes triggering between the Current Source and the Nanovoltmeter. Trigger Link connections assume that the Model 2182/2182A is using the factory defau...
Page 84 - System connections – PC control of Model 622x
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance 5-7 Return to Section 5 topics Figure 5-4 System connections – PC control of Model 622x ETHERNET iEEE-488 RS-232 TRIGGER LINK RS-232 iEEE-488 TRIGGER LINK 8501 Trigger Link Cable PC OR IEEE-488 Cable Ethernet Cross-over C...
Page 85 - DUT test connections; Guarded test connections; NOTE For this connection scheme, the inner shield of the
5-8 Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 5 topics DUT test connections WARNING Before making or breaking test connections, the Models 622x and 2182/2182A must be turned off and the line cords must be disconnected from AC line power. DUT tes...
Page 86 - Configuring communications; Model 622x communications
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance 5-9 Return to Section 5 topics Configuring communications For both front panel and remote operation, the RS-232 of the Model 2182/2182A must be enabled (on), and the selected communications interface for the Model 622x mu...
Page 87 - Arming and Starting the Test; Triggering sequence
5-10 Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 5 topics Arming and Starting the Test Arming – After a delta test is configured, the test is armed by pressing the DELTA key, PULSE key (Pulse Delta), or COND key (Differential Conductance). For rem...
Page 88 - Readings; Display readings; Display reading examples:; Measurement units; NOTE The SMPL annunciator blinks on and off for every other
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance 5-11 Return to Section 5 topics Readings Display readings Display reading examples: +1.23456 nV Delta Delta voltage reading +1.23456 Ω Delta Delta ohms reading +1.23456 S D Cond Differential Conductance Siemens reading +1...
Page 89 - Setting measurement units
5-12 Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 5 topics The default units for the Model 622x is volts. With Ohms ( Ω ) units or Siemens (S) units selected, a reading is calculated as follows: Ω = V/I S = I/V Where: V is the Delta, Pulse Delta, o...
Page 90 - Read commands; Buffer readings; Model 622x measurement process
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance 5-13 Return to Section 5 topics Read commands The Model 622x does not perform measurements. However, raw readings are sent from the Model 2182/2182A to the Model 622x to calculate Delta, Pulse Delta, or Differential Condu...
Page 91 - Delta measurement technique
5-14 Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 5 topics Figure 5-6 Delta measurement technique The following equation can be used to calculate any Delta reading: Where: X, Y, and Z are the three A/D measurements for a Delta reading. n = Delta Cy...
Page 92 - Configuration settings
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance 5-15 Return to Section 5 topics Measurement units The fundamental measurement for Delta is voltage (Volts; V). However, the volt-age reading can converted into a conductance (Siemens; S), resistance (Ohms; Ω ), or power (...
Page 93 - Operation; Delta operation – front panel
5-16 Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 5 topics Operation Delta operation – front panel The system configuration for front panel stand-alone operation is shown in Figure 5-2 A on page 5-5 . 1. Connections are shown in the following illus...
Page 94 - EXIT; Operation – PC control; RANGE
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance 5-17 Return to Section 5 topics 8. When finished, press EXIT to disarm Delta. 9. On the Model 622x, press RECALL to access the Delta readings stored in the buffer. Operation – PC control The system configuration for PC co...
Page 95 - Examples
5-18 Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 5 topics Examples – The following commands demonstrate proper syntax for sending commands and returning responses to queries over the serial port: 4. Set measurement units – Volts are the default un...
Page 96 - Read Delta readings; Recall stored Delta readings; Setup and arm commands; NOTE If a read command is sent when Delta is not running,
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance 5-19 Return to Section 5 topics 6. Read Delta readings – While Delta is running, the latest Model 2182/2182A Delta reading can be read by the Model 622x using the following command: The above read command reads the last D...
Page 97 - Delta commands
5-20 Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 5 topics 1. Use the :NVPResent command to determine if a suitable Model 2182/2182A with the correct firmware revision is properly connected to the RS-232 port. This query command can be used for the...
Page 98 - Model 6221 measurement process; Pulse Delta measurements; Pulse Delta 3-point measurement technique
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance 5-21 Return to Section 5 topics Pulse Delta Use the Keithley Model 2182A with the Model 6221 to run Pulse Delta. Model 6221 measurement process Pulse Delta measurements For Pulse Delta, the Model 6221 outputs current puls...
Page 99 - Peak power and Average power; Pulse Delta outputs; Fixed output; Sweep output
5-22 Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 5 topics Where: Y is the measurement at the high pulse.X is the measurement at the first low pulse. Measurement units The fundamental Pulse Delta measurement explained above is in volts. The read-in...
Page 100 - Staircase sweep; Logarithmic sweep; Custom sweep
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance 5-23 Return to Section 5 topics Like the Fixed output shown in Figure 5-8 , a Sweep output is synchronized to the frequency of the power line voltage, and the pulse width is adjustable and is the same for all pulses. The ...
Page 101 - Pulse timing
5-24 Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 5 topics Figure 5-8 Pulse timing I-High I-Low Power Line Voltage 1 2 Pulse Width 3 Pulse Width 3 Pulse Width 3 One Line Cycle 4 One Line Cycle 4 One Line Cycle 4 One Line Cycle 4 Low High Low One Li...
Page 102 - Pulse sweep output examples
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance 5-25 Return to Section 5 topics Figure 5-9 Pulse sweep output examples Low 0mA A) Staircase sweep pulse train: 2 to 10mA in 2mA steps B) Logarithmic sweep pulse train: 1 to 10mA using 5 logarithmic 5.6234mA 3.1623mA 1.778...
Page 103 - Duty Cycle
5-26 Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 5 topics Duty Cycle Duty cycle defines the ratio between pulse “on” time and pulse “off” time during a Pulse Delta cycle. For example, for a 25% duty cycle, the pulse would be “on” (high) for one-qu...
Page 104 - Fixed output settings
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance 5-27 Return to Section 5 topics Fixed output settings The following parameters are set from the CONFIG PULSE DELTA menu that is accessed by pressing the CONFIG key and then the PULSE key. I-Hi and I-Lo These settings spec...
Page 105 - Sweep output settings
5-28 Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 5 topics Interval The Pulse Delta cycle time period (interval) is expressed as a number of power line cycles (PLC). For 60Hz one PLC is 16.667ms, and for 50Hz, one PLC is 20ms. Interval can be set f...
Page 106 - Pulse Delta operation – front panel
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance 5-29 Return to Section 5 topics Operation Pulse Delta operation – front panel The system configuration for front panel stand-alone operation is shown in Figure 5-2 A on page 5-5 . 1. Connections are shown in the following...
Page 109 - Read Pulse Delta readings; Recall stored Pulse Delta readings; Setup commands; Pulse Delta setup and arm commands; NOTE If a read command is sent when Pulse Delta is not
5-32 Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 5 topics B. The initiate command starts Pulse Delta readings. After the specified finite number of Pulse Delta readings are performed, Pulse Delta will stop running. At this point another initiate c...
Page 110 - Pulse Delta commands
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance 5-33 Return to Section 5 topics 1. Use the :NVPResent command to determine if a suitable Model 2182A with the correct firmware revision is properly connected to the RS-232 port. The RS-232 cannot be the selected interface...
Page 113 - Differential Conductance measurement process
5-36 Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 5 topics Figure 5-10 Differential Conductance measurement process 10µA [(A-B)/2] + [(C-B)/2] 2 Start Stop Step dV #1 (-1) 0 = · Step Step Step Step Step dV Calc #1 dV Calc #4 Start = 0µA ...
Page 114 - Differential Conductance calculations; dV calculations
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance 5-37 Return to Section 5 topics Differential Conductance calculations dV calculations While the dV calculations for the first six dV readings are shown in Figure 5-10 , the following formula can be used to calculate any d...
Page 116 - Operation – front panel
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance 5-39 Return to Section 5 topics Delay – The delay for Differential Conductance is used to allow the current source to settle when the output changes to the next stepped delta level. This delay occurs after a trigger from ...
Page 118 - Set up, arm, and run Differential Conductance
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance 5-41 Return to Section 5 topics The following query command is used to return the response to a query command sent over the serial port: SYSTem:COMMunicate:SERial:ENTer? When communicating over the serial port, there are ...
Page 119 - Read Differential Conductance readings; Recall stored Differential Conductance readings; NOTE If a read command is sent when Differential Conductance
5-42 Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 5 topics A. Trace points specifies the size of the buffer. Buffer size should be the same value as the number of Differential Conductance readings in the test. See Section 6 for details on all buffe...
Page 120 - Differential Conductance commands
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance 5-43 Return to Section 5 topics 1. Use the :NVPR? command to determine if a suitable Model 2182/2182A with the correct firmware revision is properly connected to the RS-232 port. This query command can be used for the sys...
Page 122 - Section 6 topics
6 Averaging Filter, Math, and Buffer Section 6 topics Averaging filter , page 6-2 Averaging filter characteristics , page 6-2 Filter setup and control , page 6-4 Remote programming – Averaging filter , page 6-4 Math , page 6-7 mX+b and m/X+b (reciprocal) , page 6-5 Configuring mX+b and m/X+b , page ...
Page 123 - Averaging filter characteristics; Filter count; Average filter types
6-2 Averaging Filter, Math, and Buffer Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 6 topics Averaging filter The average filter can be used with Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conduc-tance. There are two types of averaging filter: moving and repeating. “ Filter type ” is explained on page ...
Page 125 - Filter window; Filter setup and control
6-4 Averaging Filter, Math, and Buffer Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 6 topics Filter window The averaging filter uses a “noise” window to control filter threshold. As long as the signal remains within the selected window, A/D conversions continue to be placed in the stack. If the s...
Page 126 - Programming example — Repeating average filter; Math; Averaging filter commands
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Averaging Filter, Math, and Buffer 6-5 Return to Section 6 topics Programming example — Repeating average filter This command sequence configures and enables the repeating filter for Differen-tial Conductance: Math mX+b and m/X+b (reciprocal) These math functions affect...
Page 127 - MATH; Remote programming – Math; Programming example — mX+b; Math commands
6-6 Averaging Filter, Math, and Buffer Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 6 topics Configuring mX+b and m/X+b To select and configure mX+b and m/X+b from the front panel, press CONFIG then MATH . Select the math function ( MX+B or M/X+B ), then enter the required parameters (m and b). O...
Page 128 - Buffer; Buffer characteristics; Buffer size; front panel operation
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Averaging Filter, Math, and Buffer 6-7 Return to Section 6 topics Buffer The Model 622x has a buffer (data store) to store readings and related data ele-ments for one to 65,536 buffer readings. Buffer readings are readings from the Model 2182/2182A that were processed b...
Page 129 - Buffer statistics; Storing readings
6-8 Averaging Filter, Math, and Buffer Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 6 topics Buffer statistics The following statistics are available on the stored buffer readings: • MIN and MAX provides the minimum and maximum readings stored in the buffer. It also indicates the buffer location ...
Page 130 - Min
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Averaging Filter, Math, and Buffer 6-9 Return to Section 6 topics Buffer statistics – While in buffer RECALL, use the EDIT/LOCAL key (see Figure 6-1 ). Each press of this key displays the next statistic. After the last statistic is displayed (Std Dev), pressing EDIT/LOC...
Page 132 - Section 7 topics
7 Wave Functions (6221 Only) Section 7 topics Wave function overview, page 7-2 Front panel wave function operation, page 7-8 Setting waveform parameters, page 7-3 Using the wave function menu, page 7-8 Editing parameters, page 7-3 Generating a sine wave, page 7-10 Amplitude and offset editing, page ...
Page 133 - Wave function overview; Wave function characteristics
7-2 Wave Functions (6221 Only) Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 7 topics Wave function overview Table 7-1 summarizes the basic characteristics of the four wave functions avail- able in the Model 6221. More details on various aspects can be found in the fol-lowing paragraphs. Table 7-1...
Page 134 - Setting waveform parameters; Editing parameters; Ranging; Range options; BEST FIXED; NOTE User setups cannot be saved or recalled while Wave is
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Wave Functions (6221 Only) 7-3 Return to Section 7 topics Setting waveform parameters Editing parameters The AMPL and FREQ keys also function as left arrow and right arrow keys, respectively, when editing a numeric value or scrolling through a menu. Amplitude and offset...
Page 135 - Arbitrary waveform ranging; Frequency; Offset example
7-4 Wave Functions (6221 Only) Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 7 topics Arbitrary waveform ranging The arbitrary waveform is described in normalized units from -1 to +1. See the fol-lowing example: Ranging: BESTAmplitude: 10mA peakOffset: 0mAARB values: range from +1 to -1 These sett...
Page 136 - Duty cycle
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Wave Functions (6221 Only) 7-5 Return to Section 7 topics Duty cycle For a square wave Figure 7-2 A, the duty cycle setting is the portion of the total cycle that the wave is high relative to the period of the waveform. For a ramp waveform Figure 7-2 B, the duty cycle c...
Page 137 - Phase marker
7-6 Wave Functions (6221 Only) Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 7 topics Phase marker The phase marker ( Figure 7-3 ) allows you to set a pulse marker that defines a specific point of a waveform over a range of 0 to 360°. The phase marker signal is a 1 μ s pulse that appears on the se...
Page 138 - Duration
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Wave Functions (6221 Only) 7-7 Return to Section 7 topics Duration The duration setting defines how long the waveform is generated. You can set the duration in time over a range of 100ns to 999999.999s, in cycles from 0.001 to 99999999900 cycles (provided the equivalent...
Page 139 - Front panel wave function operation; Using the wave function menu; Wave function configuration menu
7-8 Wave Functions (6221 Only) Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 7 topics Front panel wave function operation Using the wave function menu To configure wave functions, press CONFIG then WAVE, then make your selec-tions from Table 7-2 below. See the detailed procedures for each wave fun...
Page 141 - Generating a sine wave; Configure the waveform as follows
7-10 Wave Functions (6221 Only) Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 7 topics Generating a sine wave 1. If you intend to use fixed ranging, manually set the range high enough to accommodate both the amplitude and offset setting. 2. Configure the waveform as follows : a. Press CONFIG then ...
Page 142 - Generating an arbitrary waveform; Set frequency and amplitude; Generate waveform
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Wave Functions (6221 Only) 7-11 Return to Section 7 topics Generating an arbitrary waveform 1. If you are using the fixed range setting, manually set the range to a high enough setting to accommodate the expected amplitude and offset set-tings. 2. Configure the waveform...
Page 143 - Remote wave function operation; Waveform example parameters
7-12 Wave Functions (6221 Only) Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 7 topics Remote wave function operation Procedures for programming and generating waveforms for sine and arbitrary waveform types are given on the following pages. Each of these procedures includes commands for a typical...
Page 144 - Programming sine waves; Restore defaults with this command
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Wave Functions (6221 Only) 7-13 Return to Section 7 topics Programming sine waves 1. Restore defaults with this command : *RST 2. Configure the waveform . Examples – The following commands configure a 1kHz sine wave with an amplitude of 10mA, 1mA offset, and phase marke...
Page 145 - Programming arbitrary waveforms
7-14 Wave Functions (6221 Only) Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Section 7 topics Programming arbitrary waveforms 1. Restore defaults with this command : *RST 2. Configure the waveform . Examples – The following commands configure a 100kHz arbitrary wave with an amplitude of 25mA, 0mA offset,...
Page 146 - SCPI commands — wave functions; Waveform function commands
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Wave Functions (6221 Only) 7-15 Return to Section 7 topics SCPI commands — wave functions Commands for wave functions are listed in Table 7-4 . Table 7-4 Waveform function commands Command Description Default SOURce[1]:WAVE:FUNCtion <name> Selects wave function. &...
Page 149 - SPECIFICATIONS; 220 Programmable Current Source
Keithley Instruments, Inc. Cleveland, Ohio 44139 DRN. CKD. APP. DATE DATE DATE PART NUMBER LTR REVISIONS APP. DATE FORM 28777A-SBG BRUNING 40-21 62198-SBG SPECIFICATIONS HW 1/17/05 Rev B Page 1 of 2 SPEC-6220 A Released 29842 SZ 6/08/04 B 40096E Revised SZ 1/17/05 HW 6/11/04 SK 6/11/04 6220 Programm...
Page 152 - 221 AC and DC Current Source
Keithley Instruments, Inc. Cleveland, Ohio 44139 DRN. CKD. APP. DATE DATE DATE PART NUMBER LTR REVISIONS APP. DATE FORM 28777A-SBG BRUNING 40-21 62198-SBG SPECIFICATIONS HW 1/17/05 Rev B Page 1 of 2 SPEC-6221 A Released 29843 SZ 6/11/04 B 40096E Revised SZ 1/17/05 HW 6/11/04 SK 6/11/04 6221 AC and D...
Page 155 - Appendix B tables
B SCPI Tables (Abridged) Appendix B tables The SCPI tables in this section are structured as follows: • Only the shortform version of the command words and parameters are used. • Most optional commands, which are denoted by brackets ([ ]), are not included. • Most of the query commands are not inclu...
Page 158 - Source command summary
B-4 SCPI Tables (Abridged) Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Appendix B tables Table B-6 Source command summary Command Description Default SOUR Current source output commands: :CLE Clearing the current source: [:IMM] Set output to zero and then turn the output off. :CURR Current source: [:AMP...
Page 161 - Status command summary
Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual SCPI Tables (Abridged) B-7 Return to Appendix B tables Table B-7 Status command summary Command Description Default STATus Commands status registers: Note 1 :MEASurement Measurement event registers: [:EVENt]? Read the event register. Note 2 :ENABle <NDN> or <NR...
Page 162 - System command summary
B-8 SCPI Tables (Abridged) Model 6220/6221 User’s Manual Return to Appendix B tables Table B-8 System command summary Command Description Default :SYST :COMM Communication interfaces: :SEL <name> Select interface: SERial, GPIB, or ETHernet. :GPIB GPIB interface: :ADDR <NRf> Set primary a...
Page 165 - Index
Index A Accessories 1-4 Analog filter 3-5 Applications 3-16 Arbitrary waveforms 7-7 Arming and Starting the Test 5-10 Averaging filter 6-1 Commands 6-5 Filter count 6-2 Filter window 6-4 Moving filter 6-3 Repeating filter 6-3 Setup and control 6-4 B Banana jack Guard 2-8 Buffer 6-7 Buffer data eleme...
Page 168 - Service Form; Date
Service Form Model No. Serial No. Date Name and Telephone No. Company List all control settings, describe problem and check boxes that apply to problem. ❏ Intermittent ❏ Analog output follows display ❏ Particular range or function bad; specify ❏ IEEE failure ❏ Obvious problem on power-up ❏ Batteries...