Page 2 - Technology Consultants; ii
Technology Consultants Christine A. Lucas Jill Baumer-Piña Mathematics Teacher Former Program Assistant Whitefish Bay High School The Ohio State University Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin Columbus, Ohio Copyright © 1999 by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. E...
Page 3 - iii; GRAPHING; Table of Contents
Introduction An Introduction to Graphing Calculators ..............1Using Graphing Calculators in Cooperative Learning ..........................................................5 Graphing Calculators and the Mathematics Curriculum .................................6 Graphing Calculator Capabilities ....
Page 4 - iv
Using Programs ................................................ 62 Plotting Points in a Relation ................................63Solving a System of Linear Equations ..................63Using the Quadratic Formula ..............................64Using the Law of Cosines...............................
Page 5 - An Introduction
The graphing calculator offers you much moreflexibility in studying graphs than can be obtainedby paper and pencil graphing. Within seconds youcan graph an equation or a system of equations thatcould take you several minutes to sketch. Thevarious functions on a graphing calculator can alsohelp you t...
Page 9 - Using Graphing
Cooperation is part of the real world at all levels,whether it be among nations, with co-workers, withneighbors, with your community, or within yourf a m i l y. I n d i v i d u a l s m u s t d e v e l o p s k i l l s a n du n d e r s t a n d i n g s o f w or k i n g i n g r o u p s t o b esuccessful...
Page 10 - Graphing Calculators and the Mathematics Curriculum
The graphing calculator skills you will develop in the following pages canbe used in a variety of courses in the mathematics curriculum. The chartbelow lists some of those skills and the course(s) for which they may beappropriate. This list is not all inclusive, and many of the skills thought of as ...
Page 11 - Graphing Calculator Capabilities
7 Graphing Calculator Capabilities Casio Sharp Capability fx-7700GE HP 38G EL-9200C TI-81 TI-82/83 TI-92 Evaluate numerical expressions ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Perform operations with fractions resulting in fractions ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Graph linear and quadratic functions ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Graph other polynomial functions ✓ ✓...
Page 12 - SØ; Getting to
As with any new acquaintance, you need time tog e t t o k n o w y o u r g r a p h i n g c a l c u l a t or. B e f or ebeginning any specific task, look at the keyboard.Think of something you are used to seeing on yourfamiliar scientific calculator and see if you can findit on your graphing calculato...
Page 13 - SF
I n t h e k e y s t r o k e s e q u e n c e s i n t h i s b o o k l e t , t h e s efunctions are shown using the appropriate access keya n d t h e f u n c t i o n n a m e r a t h e r t h a n t h e a c t u a l k e ypressed. How do I clear what’s on the screen?Casio: Press å to completely clear the di...
Page 15 - REPLAY; S I; Evaluating Mathematical Expressions
All graphing calculators observe the order of operations when evaluating amathematical expression. The calculators also have parentheses that are used inthe same way as in writing to group terms in an expression or to clarify themeaning of the expression. When you enter an expression in a graphing c...
Page 16 - MODE; Mode and Range
MODE Casio fx-7000GE: Pressing 5 once accesses the first menu screen shown below. Pressing 5 again accesses the second screen. To make a selection on either screen,press the key of the number or operation precedingyour choice. You can also get to the second MODE screen by pressing S 5 . Notice the D...
Page 18 - S Ñ ¡ É; Functions
A graphing calculator is a powerful tool for studying functions. Any of thegraphing calculators will graph functions, but the procedure for graphing isslightly different for each one. On any of the calculators, you must set anappropriate range before you can graph a function. A viewing window of[ 10...
Page 19 - g m
2 Graph y 16x 2 11 so that a complete graph is shown. First graph on a standard viewing window. Casio fx-7700GE: g m 16 ? › + 11 e TI-81: Y m 16 | › + 11 G TI-82/83: Y m 16 [ › + 11 G The standard viewing window does not show a complete graph. Try therange [ 3, 3] by [ 5, 15] with a scale factor of ...
Page 20 - TRACE; S t; Trace and Zoom
You can use a graphing calculator to find approximations of the coordinates ofpoints on the graphs of functions. These coordinates can be found with greataccuracy by using the trace and zoom features. TRACE 1 Graph y x 3 6 in the standard viewing window. Then trace to find the coordinates of the x- ...
Page 21 - S Z
Box Zoom Another method of zooming in that is available on the Casio fx-7700GE and the TI calculators is box zoom. With box zoom, thecalculator prompts you to use the arrow keys to position the cursorat two opposite corners of a box to make a new viewing window.When you press the e or é key, the cal...
Page 22 - S Ω TM
Zoom In and A third method of zooming in and out, which uses factors, is available on Zoom Out each graphing calculator. With zooming by factors, the calculator will enlarge by Factors or reduce the graph around a chosen center point by a factor or factors that youchoose. On the Casio fx-7700GE and ...
Page 23 - Systems of Equations
You can use a graphing calculator to graph and solve systems of equations sinceseveral equations can be graphed on the screen at one time. Graph the relatedfunctions for the system. Then use the trace and zoom features to approximatethe solutions. 1 Graph the system of equations y 3.4x 2.1 and y 5.1...
Page 25 - Ñ ¢ É; V a; Inequalities
The Casio fx-7700GE and TI calculators allow you to graph inequalities on thegraphics screen. The procedures for graphing inequalities on a Casio fx-7700GEare similar to the procedures for graphing functions. Graphing inequalities on a TI requires using the “Shade(“ command from the draw menu and en...
Page 27 - Systems of Inequalities
You can graph and solve a system of inequalities on a graphing calculator. Whengraphing on a Casio fx-7700GE, you will use the colon to separate theinequalities to be graphed. When graphing on a TI, you will use the shadecommand with the two inequalities entered as the upper and lower boundariesinst...
Page 29 - Rational Functions
A rational function is one in which one polynomial is divided by another, or in mathematical terms, f(x) where q(x) 0. Rational functions usually have features that polynomial functions do not have, and the graphing calculatoris a good tool to explore these graphs. Some graphs of rational functions ...
Page 31 - Radical Functions
You can use a graphing calculator to graph various kinds of radical functionsquickly and easily. To graph a radical function on the Casio graphing calculator, you can use the R , ã , or ß keys. The TI calculators do not have a ß key, although the TI-82/83 calculators do have ß on the MATH menu that ...
Page 32 - é m; Quadratic Relations
You can use a graphing calculator to graph relations; however you must do somealgebra before you graph. A graphing calculator will only graph functions, soquadratic relations that are not functions must first be written as a combination offunctions. For example, the equation of the parabola x y 2 ca...
Page 34 - g c e; Trigonometric Functions and Their Inverses
A graphing calculator is a good tool for exploring the graphs of trigonometricfunctions and their inverses. Since a graphing calculator is capable of graphingtrigonometric functions in degrees or radians, be sure that your calculator is inthe correct mode for the function you wish to graph. 1 Graph ...
Page 35 - g S c e
Graphing calculators can also graph the inverses of trigonometric functions. 3 Graph y Arccos x. Casio: Arcsin, Arccos, and Arctan are also built-in functions on Casio calculators, so you do not need to set the range. Press g S c e . TI: The range will need to be set on the TI calculator. A good win...
Page 36 - Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
A graphing calculator can be used to graph exponential and logarithmicfunctions just as it is used to graph other types of functions. Even functions thatwould be tedious and time consuming to draw by hand can be graphed quickly. 1 Graph y 9 2 x in the viewing window [ 7, 1] by [ 1, 9] with a scale f...
Page 38 - Application: Solving Equations in One Variable
You can use the graphs of two linear functions to solve an equation like 3x 6 5x 2. For the first function, let y one side of the equation. For the second function, let y the other side of the equation. Then graph both equations on the same screen. The solution will be the x-coordinate of the point ...
Page 39 - Application: Solving Quadratic Equations
A quadratic equation is an equation in the form of Ax 2 Bx C 0, where A 0. The solutions for this type of equation can be estimated by graphing the related function, y Ax 2 Bx C and locating those points where y 0. The x-coordinates of these points are called the zeros of the function. The zeros of ...
Page 41 - Application: Families of Graphs
A family of graphs is a group of graphs that displays one or more similarcharacteristics. Many linear functions are related because they have the sameslope or the same y-intercept as other functions in the family. All linear functionscan be written in the form y mx b, where m represents the slope of...
Page 45 - Application: Solving Trigonometric Equations
You can use a graphing calculator to solve a trigonometric equation in the sameway you have used it to solve linear equations, quadratic equations, and systemsof equations. 1 Solve tan x sin x • cos x if 360° x 360°. Make sure your calculator is set for degree measure. Set the RANGE for x-values gre...
Page 46 - Application: Verifying Trigonometric Identities
TI-81 TI-81 You can use a graphing calculator to determine whether an equation may be atrigonometric identity by graphing each side of the equation as a separatefunction on the same screen and then comparing the two graphs. If the graphsappear to coincide, then the equation may be an identity. If th...
Page 47 - Application: Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations
TI-81 TI You can use a graphing calculator to solve equations involving logarithms andexponents just as you have used it to solve other types of equations. There aretwo methods: (1) graph each side of the equation and find the intersection pointsor (2) rewrite the equation so that it equals zero, gr...
Page 48 - Entering Matrices
Graphing calculators make many of the tedious paper-and-pencil operations with matrices quick and simple. Each calculator has different matrix capabilities, but they all work through matrix menus. Suppose you wanted to enter the matrix . Casio fx-7700GE: The Casio fx-7700GE contains memories for fiv...
Page 50 - É É TM ¡ ⁄; S ¤ e
The graphing calculator has simplified the tasks of finding determinants andinverses of matrices to the pressing of only a few keys. 1 Find the determinant of matrix A if A . Enter the matrix into your calculator. Casio fx-7700GE: Press É É ™ ¡ ⁄ A e . The determinant appears. Press ¡ ⁄ A ∞ to retur...
Page 51 - É a j
47 Other operations with matrices that can be done with a graphing calculatorinclude scalar multiplication, multiplying two matrices, squaring a matrix, addingand subtracting two matrices, and finding the transpose of a matrix. Casio fx-7700GE: Once you have entered matrices A and B, you can add the...
Page 52 - S Ñ • • ¡; S Ñ • • TM; ‹ l é; Statistical Computations
In addition to graphing, graphing calculators are capable of doing intricatecomputations, including finding statistical values for a set of data. The first stepon the Casio fx-7700GE is to choose the appropriate statistical mode for statisticalcomputations. This mode is called standard deviation mod...
Page 54 - é é
2 Find the median of the test scores listed below on a TI calculator. 82 91 74 78 94 68 74 88 64 42 72 82 79 99 98 75 61 78 86 69 Only the Casio fx-7700GE and the TI-82/83 graphing calculators willcompute the median of a set of data for you. However, the TI-81 calculatorwill sort data from least to ...
Page 55 - ‹ L é; Histograms
A graphing calculator is capable of drawing statistical graphs as well as graphs offunctions. The Casio calculator must be placed in statistical graph draw modebefore statistical graphs can be drawn. To do this, press … 3 then S Ñ • • • ¡ . Before starting each graph, it is important to clear the st...
Page 56 - ‹ w é
Casio fx-7700GE: 102.5 £ 3 ¡ 117.5 £ 7 ¡ 132.5 £ 15 ¡ 147.5 £ 34 ¡ and so on 252.5 £ 4 ¡ g e Draws the graph. TI-81: ‹ _ Enters the statistical menu. ª é Chooses the data edit option. 102.5 é 3 é 117.5 é 7 é 132.5 é 15 é 147.5 é and so on 252.5 é 4 ‹ _ j éé Chooses histogram from thestatistical draw...
Page 58 - S Ñ ¡; Scatter Plots and Lines of Regression
Graphing calculators are capable of drawing scatter plots and lines of regressionfor data that you enter into the memory. Once the line of regression is plotted,you can write the equation of the line and use the trace function to approximatesolutions to other problems. 1 Draw a scatter plot and a re...
Page 60 - Curve Fitting
Some sets of data do not display a linear pattern when plotted on a scatter plot. A set of data that is fit best by a curve is called curvilinear data. Since most real-world data are positive, most scatter plots are graphed in the first quadrant. If thepoints of these data sets are connected, the gr...
Page 63 - o ¡ e
Now draw the scatter plot on the regression curve or line. Casio: É º g S H 1 e TI-81: ‹ _ ¶ 2 é ‹ _ 5 é Y V ¶ ¶ 4 G ‹ _ ¶ 2 é TI-82/83: _ ¶ ⁄ B éY Ç Clears the exponential equation from the Y list. V 5 ¶ ¶ 7 G As long as the statplot menu has not been changed, thescatterplot will still be displayed...
Page 64 - S μ; Probability and Combinatorics
You can use a graphing calculator to find permutations and combinations and togenerate random numbers. These capabilities are useful in finding probabilitiesand in modeling situations to study probability. 1 Find 12!. Casio fx-7700GE: 12 S µ Enter the number and access MATH menu. ™ Access the probab...
Page 65 - ¢ e e e
3 What is the probability that two cards drawn at random from a standarddeck of 52 cards are both hearts? P(two hearts) Casio fx-7700GE: ( 13 £ 2 ) / ( 52 £ 2 ) e TI: ( 13 µ ª 3 2 ) / ( 52 µ ª 3 2 ) é The probability that the cards are hearts is 0.06 to the nearest hundredth. The random number gener...
Page 66 - ‹Ié; Using
Like larger computers, a graphing calculator can be used to write and run programs. The programsthat follow will run on the TI-82 and the TI-83calculators, but could be adapted easily for use onanother type of graphing calculator or for acomputer that runs BASIC or PASCAL. To enter a program on the ...
Page 67 - Plotting Points in a Relation; Solving a System of Linear Equations
Plotting Points in a Relation The following program will plot the points in a relation. Name = PLOTPTS:Fn Off Deactivates all current functions. :ClrDraw Clears the graphics screen. :Lbl 1 Sets the marker at position 1. :Disp “X ” Displays the message “X ”. :Input X Accepts an X value. :Disp “Y=”:In...
Page 68 - Using the Quadratic Formula
Using the Quadratic Formula The following program will find the solutions to a quadratic equation using thequadratic formula. The solutions will be given in decimal form. Name = QUADRATC:Disp “ENTER A, B, C FOR”:Disp “AX 2 BX C 0” :Input A:Input B:Input C:(B 2 – 4AC) → D Finds discriminant of D. :If...
Page 69 - Using the Law of Cosines; Using Heron’s Formula
Using the Law of Cosines This program finds the measure of a side of a triangle using the law of cosines. Inthe program, A is the measure of the missing side, B and C are the measures ofthe second and third sides, and is the measure of the angle opposite side A. Name = LAWCOS:Deg Places the calculat...
Page 70 - Inner and Cross Products of Vectors
Inner and Cross Products of Vectors Program 6 can be used to find the inner product of two vectors in a plane or inspace. The program will indicate that the vectors are perpendicular if the innerproduct is 0. Program 7 below calculates the cross product of two vectors inspace. Name = INNRPROD:Disp “...
Page 73 - Generating Random Numbers; Evaluating a Function
Generating Random Numbers The following program will generate random numbers between two values. Youinput the seed number, which determines the way in which the numbers aregenerated. Note that the program will not eliminate duplicate numbers, and thefactory set seed number is 0. Entering the least a...
Page 74 - Area Between Two Curves
Area Between Two Curves The following program will approximate the area between the graphs of twofunctions by dividing the region into rectangles. Store the two functions as Y 1 and Y 2 in the Y list. The program requires you to input the lower and upper bounds and the number of rectangles to use fo...
Page 75 - Mickey Mouse
Mickey Mouse The following program will draw a picture of Mickey Mouse. The program waswritten by Ryan Kovacik, a sophomore at Strongsville High School in Strongsville,Ohio. It was printed in the April 1991 issue of Mathematics Teacher. Beforerunning the program, set the viewing window to [6.5, 33.5...
Page 86 - Index
ALPHA, 9Arccos, Arcsin, Arctan, 31asymptote, 25–26, 33, 43BOX ZOOM, 17, 19CALC menu, 34, 36, 40Casio, 4, 7, 11–61, 73, 80circle, 29, 66CLEAR, 9, 48, 51, 53–54, 56–58colon (:), 19, 23, 29combinations, 60–61complex numbers, (powers), 64complete graph, 15, 20, 22, 27, 29contrast, 8cooperative groups, 5...