Tektronix TDS1000- and TDS2000- - Manuals

TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual v General Safety Summary Review the following safety precautions to avoid injury and preventdamage to this product or any products connected to it. To avoidpotential hazards, use this product only as specified. Only qualified personnel should perf...

General Safety Summary vi TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Do Not Operate in Wet/Damp Conditions. Do Not Operate in an Explosive Atmosphere. Keep Product Surfaces Clean and Dry. Safety Terms and Symbols Terms in This Manual. These terms may appear in this manual: WARNING. Warning...

TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual vii Preface This manual contains operating information for the TDS1000-Seriesand TDS2000-Series Digital Storage Oscilloscopes. The manualconsists of the following chapters: H The Getting Started chapter briefly describes features of the oscillosco...

Preface viii TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual H The Math FFT chapter contains detailed information about how to use the Math FFT function. H The TDS2CMA Communications Module chapter describes this optional module and how to set up the RS-232, GPIB, andCentronics ports to use the...

Preface TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual ix Help System The oscilloscope has a Help system with topics that cover all thefeatures of the oscilloscope. You can use the Help system to displayseveral kinds of information: H General information about understanding and using theoscill...

Preface TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual xi Conventions This manual uses the following conventions: H Front-panel buttons, knobs and connectors appear in alluppercase letters. For example: HELP, PRINT. H Menu options appear with the first letter of each word in uppercase. For exa...

Preface xii TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Product End-of-Life Handling Components that Contain Mercury. The cold cathode fluorescent tube located in the liquid crystal display backlight contains trace amountsof mercury. When you are ready to reclaim the instrument, you mustpro...

Preface TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual xiii Contacting Tektronix Phone 1-800-833-9200 * Address Tektronix, Inc.Department or name (if known)14200 SW Karl Braun DriveP.O. Box 500Beaverton, OR 97077USA Web site www.tektronix.com Salessupport 1-800-833-9200, select option 1 * Serv...

TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual 1 Getting Started TDS1000-Series and TDS2000-Series Digital Storage Oscilloscopesare small, lightweight, benchtop packages that you can use to takeground-referenced measurements. In addition to the list of general features, this chapter describes ...

Getting Started 2 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual General Features The next table and bulleted list describe the general features. Model Channels Bandwidth Sample rate Display TDS1002 2 60 MHz 1.0 GS/s Monochrome TDS1012 2 100 MHz 1.0 GS/s Monochrome TDS2002 2 60 MHz 1.0 GS/s Co...

Getting Started 4 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Installation Power Cord Use only power cords designed for your oscilloscope. Use a powersource that delivers 90 to 264 VAC RMS , 45 to 66 Hz. If you have a 400 Hz power source, it must deliver 90 to 132 VAC RMS , 360 to 440 Hz. R...

Getting Started TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual 5 Functional Check Perform this quick functional check to verify that your oscilloscopeis operating correctly. PASSED ON/OFF button 1. Power on the oscilloscope. Wait until the display shows that allpower-on tests passed. Push the ...

Getting Started 6 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Probe Safety A guard around the probe body provides a finger barrier forprotection from electric shock. Finger guard WARNING. To avoid electric shock when using the probe, keep fingers behind the guard on the probe body. To avoid...

Getting Started TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual 7 Probe Check Wizard You can use the Probe Check Wizard to quickly verify that yourprobe is operating properly. The wizard also helps you adjust theprobe compensation (usually adjusted with a screw on the probebody or probe connect...

Getting Started 8 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Manual Probe Compensation As an alternative method to Probe Check, you can manually performthis adjustment to match your probe to the input channel. CH 1 PROBE COMP AUTOSET button 1. Set the Probe option attenuation in thechannel...

Getting Started TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual 9 Probe Attenuation Setting Probes are available with various attenuation factors which affect thevertical scale of the signal. The Probe Check function verifies thatthe Probe attenuation option matches the attenuation of the probe...

Getting Started 10 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Self Calibration The self calibration routine lets you optimize the oscilloscope signalpath for maximum measurement accuracy. You can run the routine atany time but should always run the routine if the ambient tempera-ture chang...

TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual 11 Understanding Oscilloscope Functions This chapter contains information on what you need to understandbefore you use an oscilloscope. To use your oscilloscope effectively,you need to learn about the following oscilloscope functions: H Setting up...

Understanding Oscilloscope Functions 12 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Setting Up the Oscilloscope You should become familiar with three functions that you may useoften when operating your oscilloscope: Autoset, saving a setup, andrecalling a setup. Using Autoset The Autoset fu...

Understanding Oscilloscope Functions TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual 13 Default Setup The oscilloscope is set up for normal operation when it is shippedfrom the factory. This is the default setup. To recall this setup, pushthe DEFAULT SETUP button. To view the default settings, ...

Understanding Oscilloscope Functions TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual 17 Acquiring Signals When you acquire a signal, the oscilloscope converts it into a digitalform and displays a waveform. The acquisition mode defines howthe signal is digitized and the time base setting affects...

Understanding Oscilloscope Functions 18 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Time Base The oscilloscope digitizes waveforms by acquiring the value of aninput signal at discrete points. The time base allows you to controlhow often the values are digitized. To adjust the time base to a...

Understanding Oscilloscope Functions 20 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Time Domain Aliasing. Aliasing occurs when the oscilloscope does not sample the signal fast enough to construct an accurate waveformrecord. When this happens, the oscilloscope displays a waveformwith a frequ...

Understanding Oscilloscope Functions 24 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Taking Measurements The oscilloscope displays graphs of voltage versus time and can helpyou to measure the displayed waveform. There are several ways to take measurements. You can use thegraticule, the curso...

TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual 27 Operating Basics The front panel is divided into easy-to-use functional areas. Thischapter provides you with a quick overview of the controls and theinformation displayed on the screen. The next figure shows the frontpanels for 2-channel and 4-...

Operating Basics 28 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Display Area In addition to displaying waveforms, the display is filled with manydetails about the waveform and the oscilloscope control settings. NOTE . For similar details for the FFT function, refer to page 119. M Pos:-11.30...

Operating Basics 32 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Using the Menu System The user interface of TDS1000- and TDS2000-series oscilloscopeswas designed for easy access to specialized functions through themenu structure. When you push a front-panel button, the oscilloscope displays...

Operating Basics 34 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Vertical Controls All models CH 1, CH 2, CH 3, CH 4, CURSOR 1 and CURSOR 2 POSITION. Positions the waveform vertically. When you display and use cursors, an LEDlights to indicate the alternative function of the knobs to move th...

Operating Basics TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual 35 Horizontal Controls 2-channel models 4-channel models POSITION. Adjusts the horizontal position of all channel and math waveforms. The resolution of this control varies with the time basesetting. For information on windows, ref...

Operating Basics 36 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual HORIZ MENU. Displays the Horizontal Menu. SET TO ZERO. Sets the horizontal position to zero. SEC/DIV. Selects the horizontal time/div (scale factor) for the main or the window time base. When Window Zone is enabled, it changest...

Operating Basics 38 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Menu and Control Buttons All models SAVE/RECALL. Displays the Save/Recall Menu for setups and waveforms. MEASURE. Displays the automated measurements menu. ACQUIRE. Displays the Acquire Menu. DISPLAY. Displays the Display Menu....

Operating Basics TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual 39 Connectors 2-channel models 4-channel models PROBE COMP. Voltage probe compensation output and ground. Use to electrically match the probe to the oscilloscope input circuit. Refer topage 8. The probe compensation ground and BNC...

TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual 41 Application Examples This section presents a series of application examples. Thesesimplified examples highlight the features of the oscilloscope andgive you ideas for using it to solve your own test problems. H Taking simple measurements Using ...

Application Examples 42 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Taking Simple Measurements You need to see a signal in a circuit, but you do not know theamplitude or frequency of the signal. You want to quickly display thesignal and measure the frequency, period, and peak-to-peakamplitu...

Application Examples 48 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Taking Cursor Measurements You can use the cursors to quickly take time and voltage measure-ments on a waveform. Measuring Ring Frequency To measure the ring frequency at the rising edge of a signal, followthese steps: 1. P...

Application Examples TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual 49 Measuring Ring Amplitude You measured the ring frequency in the previous example. Now youwant to measure the amplitude of the ringing. To measure theamplitude, follow these steps: 1. Push the CURSOR button to see the Cursor...

Application Examples 50 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Measuring Pulse Width You are analyzing a pulse waveform, and you want to know thewidth of the pulse. To measure the width of a pulse using the timecursors, follow these steps: 1. Push the CURSOR button to see the Cursor Me...

Application Examples 54 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Analyzing Signal Detail You have a noisy signal displayed on the oscilloscope and you needto know more about it. You suspect that the signal contains muchmore detail than you can now see in the display. Looking at a Noisy S...

Application Examples 56 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Capturing a Single-Shot Signal The reliability of a reed relay in a piece of equipment has been poorand you need to investigate the problem. You suspect that the relaycontacts arc when the relay opens. The fastest you can o...

Application Examples 58 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Measuring Propagation Delay You suspect that the memory timing in a microprocessor circuit ismarginal. Set up the oscilloscope to measure the propagation delaybetween the chip-select signal and the data output of the memory...

Application Examples 60 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Triggering on a Specific Pulse Width You are testing the pulse widths of a signal in a circuit. It is criticalthat the pulses all be a specific width and you need to verify that theyare. Edge triggering shows that your sign...

Application Examples 62 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Triggering on a Video Signal You are testing the video circuit in a piece of medical equipment andneed to display the video output signal. The video output is an NTSCstandard signal. Use the video trigger to obtain a stable...

Application Examples 64 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Triggering on Video Lines Automatic. You can also look at the video lines in the field. To trigger on the video lines, follow these steps: 1. Push the AUTOSET button. 2. Push the top option button to select Line to sync on ...

Application Examples 68 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Analyzing a Differential Communication Signal You are having intermittent problems with a serial data communica-tion link, and you suspect poor signal quality. Set up the oscilloscopeto show you a snapshot of the serial dat...

Application Examples 70 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual For a more stable display, push the SINGLE SEQ button to control the acquisition of the waveform. Each time you push the SINGLE SEQ button, the oscilloscope acquires a snapshot of the digital data stream. You can use the cu...

TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual 73 Reference This chapter describes the menus and operating details associated witheach front-panel menu button or control. Topic Page Acquire: menu, RUN/STOP button and SINGLE SEQ button 74 Autoset 79 Cursors 84 Default setup 85 Display 86 Help 8...

Reference 74 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Acquire Push the ACQUIRE button to set acquisition parameters. Options Settings Comments Sample Use to acquire and accurately displaymost waveforms; this is the default mode Peak Detect Use to detect glitches and reduce thepossibility...

Reference TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual 77 When there is enough waveform noise, a typical peak detect displayshows large black areas. The TDS1000- and TDS2000-seriesoscilloscopes display this area with diagonal lines to improve displayperformance. Typical peak detect display T...

Reference 78 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Acquisition mode SINGLE SEQ button Sample, Peak Detect Sequence is complete when one acquisition is acquired Average Sequence is complete when the defined number ofacquisitions is reached (refer to page 74) Scan Mode Display. You can ...

Reference TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual 79 Autoset When you push the AUTOSET button, the oscilloscope identifies thetype of waveform and adjusts controls to produce a usable display ofthe input signal. Function Setting Acquire mode Adjusted to Sample or Peak Detect Display for...

Reference 84 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Cursors Push the CURSOR button to display the measurement cursors andCursor Menu. Options Settings Comments Type * VoltageTimeOff Select and display the measurementcursors; Voltage measures amplitude andTime measures time and frequenc...

Reference TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual 85 NOTE . The oscilloscope must display a waveform for the cursors and cursor readouts to appear. Key Points Cursor Movement. Use the CURSOR 1 and CURSOR 2 knobs to move cursors 1 and 2. You can move the cursors only while the CursorMenu...

Reference 86 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Display Push the DISPLAY button to choose how waveforms are presentedand to change the appearance of the entire display. Options Settings Comments Type VectorsDots Vectors fills the space between adjacentsample points in the display D...

Reference TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual 89 NOTE . The oscilloscope can capture a waveform in normal YT mode at any sampling rate. You can view the same waveform in XY mode.To do so, stop the acquisition and change the display format to XY. The controls operate as follows: H Th...

Reference 90 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Horizontal You can use the horizontal controls to change the horizontal scaleand position of waveforms. The horizontal position readout showsthe time represented by the center of the screen, using the time of thetrigger as zero. Chang...

Reference TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual 93 Math Push the MATH MENU button to display the waveform mathoperations. Push the MATH MENU button again to remove the mathwaveform display. Refer to page 112 for vertical system descriptions. Operations Setting Comments -- (subtraction...

Reference 94 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Measure Push the MEASURE button to access automatic measurements.There are eleven types of measurements available. You can displayup to five at a time. Push the top option button to display the Measure 1 Menu. You canchoose the channe...

Reference 96 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Print Push the PRINT button to send the screen data to a printer orcomputer. The print function requires the optional TDS2CMA CommunicationsExtension Module. The module includes Centronics, RS-232, andGPIB ports. Refer to the TDS2CMA ...

Reference TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual 97 Save/Recall Push the SAVE/RECALL button to save or recall oscilloscope setupsor waveforms. Setups Options Settings Comments Setups Highlighting Setups displays the menusfor storing or recalling oscilloscope setups Setup 1 to 10 Specif...

Reference 98 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Waveforms Options Settings Comments Waveforms Highlighting Waveforms displays themenu for storing or recalling waveforms Source CH1CH2CH3 * CH4 * Math Choose the waveform display to store Ref ABC * D * Choose the reference location to...

Reference TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual 99 Trigger Controls You can define the trigger through the Trigger Menu and front-panelcontrols. Trigger Types Three types of triggering are available: Edge, Video, and PulseWidth. A different set of options display for each type of trig...

Reference 106 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Trigger Frequency Readout The oscilloscope counts the rate at which trigger events occur todetermine trigger frequency and displays the frequency in the lowerright corner of the screen. Key Points Trigger When. The pulse width of the...

Reference TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual 107 Knobs and Buttons LEVEL or USER SELECT Knob. Use to control the Trigger Level, Trigger Holdoff, Video Line Number or Pulse Width. The primaryfunction of this knob is to set the trigger level. When an alternativefunction is active, th...

Reference 110 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Utility Push the UTILITY button to display the Utility Menu. The UtilityMenu changes with the addition of a TDS2CMA extension module.Refer to the next section for information on the extension module. Options Settings Comments SystemS...

Reference 112 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Vertical You can use the vertical controls to display waveforms, adjustvertical scale and position, and set input parameters. Refer topage 93 for the vertical math descriptions. Channel Vertical Menus There is a separate vertical men...

TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual 115 Math FFT This chapter contains detailed information on how to use the MathFFT (Fast Fourier Transform). You can use the FFT Math mode toconvert a time-domain (YT) signal into its frequency components(spectrum). You can use the Math FFT mode to...

Math FFT 116 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Setting Up the Time-Domain Waveform Before you use FFT mode, you need to set up the time-domain (YT)waveform. To do so, follow these steps: 1. Push AUTOSET to display a YT waveform. 2. Turn the VERTICAL POSITION knob to move the YT wa...

Math FFT 118 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Normally, the display compresses the FFT spectrum horizontally into250 points, but you can use the FFT Zoom function to expand theFFT spectrum to more clearly see the frequency components at eachof the 1024 data points in the FFT spec...

Math FFT 120 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Selecting an FFT Window Windows reduce spectral leakage in the FFT spectrum. The FFTassumes that the YT waveform repeats forever. With an integralnumber of cycles (1, 2, 3, ...), the YT waveform starts and ends at thesame amplitude an...

Math FFT 122 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual The Math FFT function includes three FFT Window options. There isa trade-off between frequency resolution and amplitude accuracywith each type of window. What you want to measure and yoursource signal characteristics help you to deter...

Math FFT TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual 123 Nyquist frequency(one-half sample rate) Frequency A m plit ude Aliased frequencies Actual frequencies Eliminating Aliases To eliminate aliases, try the following remedies: H Turn the SEC/DIV knob to set the sample rate to a faster set...

Math FFT 124 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual H If you do not need to view frequencies components above 20MHz, set the Bandwidth Limit option to On. H Put an external filter on the source signal to bandwidth limit thesource waveform to frequencies below that of the Nyquistfrequen...

Math FFT 126 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Measuring an FFT Spectrum Using Cursors You can take two measurements on FFT spectrums: magnitude(in dB) and frequency (in Hz). Magnitude is referenced to 0 dB,where 0 dB equals 1 V RMS . You can use the cursors to take measurements a...

TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual 127 TDS2CMA Communications Module This chapter describes how to use the TDS2CMA CommunicationsExtension Module (optional) with a TDS1000- or TDS2000-seriesoscilloscope.The TDS2CMA module adds Centronics, RS-232 andGPIB communication ports to the o...

TDS2CMA Communications Module 130 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Checking Module Installation To check that the module is correctly installed, power on theoscilloscope. The power-on screen should list the TDS2CMA moduleand include the message “Power-up Tests Passed.” If the osc...

TDS2CMA Communications Module TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual 131 Sending Screen Data to an External Device The TDS2CMA module lets you send screen data to an externaldevice, such as a controller, printer, or computer. RS-232 connector GPIB connector Centronics connector Printer...

TDS2CMA Communications Module 134 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Setting Up and Testing the RS-232 Interface You may need to set up and test the module RS-232 interface.RS-232 is an 8-bit serial communications standard that lets theoscilloscope communicate with an external RS-2...

TDS2CMA Communications Module TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual 137 Testing the RS-232 Interface To test the oscilloscope RS-232 interface, follow these steps: 1. Connect the oscilloscope to a personal computer (PC) using anappropriate RS-232 cable (refer to the table on page 134)...

TDS2CMA Communications Module 138 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual CH 1 PROBE COMP 6. On the oscilloscope, push UTILITY " Options " RS-232 . 7. Check that the menu settings match those listed in the table onpage 137. 8. From your PC terminal program, type ID?, then press ...

TDS2CMA Communications Module TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual 143 1 No connection 2 Receive data (RxD) (input) 3 Transmit data (TxD) (output) 4 Data terminal ready (DTR) (output) 5 Signal ground (GND) 6 Data set ready (DSR) (input) 7 Request to send (RTS) (output) 8 Clear to sen...

TDS2CMA Communications Module 150 TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual Command Entry When you enter oscilloscope commands over the RS-232 or GPIBbus, follow these general rules: H You can enter commands in upper or lower case. H You can abbreviate many oscilloscope commands. Theseabb...

TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual 151 Appendix A: Specifications All specifications apply to the TDS1000- and TDS2000-seriesoscilloscopes. P2200 probe specifications appear at the end of thischapter. To verify that the oscilloscope meets specifications, theoscilloscope must first ...

Appendix A: Specifications TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual 161 Oscilloscope Specifications (Cont.) Measurements Cursors Voltage difference between cursors ( ∆ V) Time difference between cursors ( ∆ T) Reciprocal of ∆ T in Hertz (1/ ∆ T) AutomaticMeasurements Frequency, Period, M...

Appendix A: Specifications TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual 165 P2200 Probe Specifications Electricalcharacteristics 10X position 1X position Bandwidth DC to 200 MHz DC to 6 MHz Attenuation ratio 10:1 ± 2% 1:1 ± 2% CompensationRange 18 pf-35 pf Compensation is fixed; correct fora...

TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual 169 Appendix B: Accessories All accessories (standard and optional) are available by contactingyour local Tektronix field office. Standard Accessories P2200 1X, 10X Passive Probes. The P2200 passive probes have a 6 MHz bandwidth with a rating of 1...

TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual 173 Appendix C: General Care and Cleaning General Care Do not store or leave the instrument where the LCD display will beexposed to direct sunlight for long periods of time. CAUTION. To avoid damage to the instrument or probes, do not expose them ...

TDS1000/2000-Series Digital Oscilloscope User Manual 181 Index ? in Value readout, 44 A Abbreviating, commands, 150AC coupling, 112Accessories, 169–172Acquire, menu, 74ACQUIRE button, 38, 74Acquire signals, basic concepts, 17Acquisition live display, 78modes, 74single--shot example, 56stopping, 78 A...