Emerson V150E- Manuals

1−2 Valve Types and Characteristics The control valve regulates the rate of fluid flow asthe position of the valve plug or disk is changed byforce from the actuator. To do this, the valve must: D Contain the fluid without external leakage. D Have adequate capacity for the intended service. D Be capa...

1−4 Figure 1-6. High Capacity Valve Body with Cage-Style Noise Abatement Trim W0997 Downstream pressure acts upon both the top andbottom sides of the valve plug, thereby nullifyingmost of the static unbalance force. Reducedunbalance permits operation of the valve withsmaller actuators than those nec...

1−5 Figure 1-7. Three Way Valve with Balanced Valve Plug W9045-1 Figure 1-8. High-Performance Butterfly Control Valve W4641 for throttling service or for on-off control. Soft-seatconstructions can be obtained by utilizing a liner orby including an adjustable soft ring in the body oron the face of th...

1−6 Figure 1-10. Fisher Control-Disk Valve with 2052 Actuator and FIELDVUE DVC6200 Digital Valve Controller W9425 W9418 WAFER STYLE SINGLE FLANGE STYLE D Bodies are available in sizes through NPS 24 compatible with standard ASME flanges. D Utilize standard pneumatic diaphragm or piston rotary actuat...

1−7 Figure 1-12. Sectional of Eccentric-Plug Control Valve Body W4170-4 D They utilize standard diaphragm or piston rotary actuators. D Ball remains in contact with seal during rotation, which produces a shearing effect as theball closes and minimizes clogging. D Bodies are available with either hea...

1−8 Figure 1-13. Popular Varieties of Bolted Flange Connections A7098 Figure 1-14. Common Welded End Connections A7099 finished with concentric circular grooves forprecise sealing and resistance to gasket blowout.This kind of flange is used with a variety of gasketmaterials and flange materials for ...

1−9 Figure 1-15. Typical Bonnet, Flange, and Stud Bolts W0989 On a typical globe-style control valve body, thebonnet is made of the same material as the valvebody or is an equivalent forged material because itis a pressure-containing member subject to thesame temperature and corrosion effects as the...

1−10 Figure 1-16. Extension Bonnet W0667-2 Figure 1-17. Valve Body with Fabricated Extension Bonnet W1416 carbon steel because of its lower coefficient ofthermal conductivity. On cold service applications,insulation can be added around the extension toprotect further against heat influx. Figure 1-18...

1−11 Figure 1-21. Comprehensive Packing Material Arrangements for Globe-Style Valve Bodies B2565 Figure 1-19. Mechanically Formed Bellows A5954 Figure 1-20. Welded Leaf Bellows A5955 The mechanically formed bellows is taller incomparison and is produced with a morerepeatable manufacturing process. C...

1−12 Figure 1-22. Measurement Frequency for Valves Controlling Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOC) B2566 Laminated and Filament Graphite D Suitable for high temperature nuclear service or where low chloride content is desirable (GradeGTN). D Provides leak-free operation, high thermal conductivity, and ...

1−14 Figure 1-24. ENVIRO-SEAL PTFE Packing System A6163 Figure 1-25. ENVIRO-SEAL Duplex (PTFE and Graphite) Packing System KALREZ t Valve Stem Packing (KVSP) systems The KVSP pressure and temperature limitsreferenced are for Fisher valve applications only.KVSP with PTFE is suited to environmental us...

1−15 Figure 1-27. ENVIRO-SEAL Graphite Packing System for Rotary Valves W6125-1 placement of PTFE minimizes control problems,reduces friction, promotes sealing, and extendsthe cycle life of the packing set. HIGH-SEAL Graphite ULF Packing Identical to the ENVIRO-SEAL graphite ULFpacking system below ...

1−16 Figure 1-28. Characterized Cages for Globe-Style Valve Bodies W0958 W0959 W0957 QUICK OPENING LINEAR EQUAL PERCENTAGE Figure 1-29. Inherent Flow Characteristics Curves direction through the cage openings. Therefore, itcould be necessary to reverse the valve body inthe pipeline to obtain proper ...

1−17 Figure 1-30. Typical Construction to Provide Quick-Opening Flow Characteristic A7100 rate at the time of the change. The change in flowrate observed regarding travel will be relativelysmall when the valve plug is near its seat, andrelatively high when the valve plug is nearly wideopen. Therefor...

1−18 Conventional globe-style valve bodies can be fittedwith seat rings with smaller port size than normaland valve plugs sized to fit those smaller ports.Valves with cage-guided trim often achieve thereduced capacity effect by utilizing valve plug,cage, and seat ring parts from a smaller valve size...

1−20 The threads usually specified are tapered femaleNPT on the valve body. They form ametal-to-metal seal by wedging over the matingmale threads on the pipeline ends. Thisconnection style is usually limited to valves notlarger than NPS 2, and is not recommended forelevated temperature service. Valv...

www.Fisher.com Chapter 2 Actuator Selection The actuator is the distinguishing element thatdifferentiates control valves from other types ofvalves. The first actuated valves were designed inthe late 19th century. Today, they would be betterdescribed as regulators since they operateddirectly from the...

2−3 An actuator made specifically for a control valveeliminates the chance for a costly performancemismatch. An actuator manufactured by the valvevendor and shipped with the valve will eliminateseparate mounting charges and ensure easiercoordination of spare parts procurement.Interchangeable parts a...

2−4 DIAPHRAGM DIAPHRAGM CASING DIAPHRAGM PLATE ACTUATOR SPRING ACTUATOR STEM SPRING SEAT SPRING ADJUSTOR STEM CONNECTOR YOKE TRAVEL INDICATOR DISK INDICATOR SCALE W0363-1 LOWER DIAPHRAGM CASING W0364-1 Figure 2-1. Spring-and-diaphragm actuators offer an excellent first choice for most control valves...

2−6 actuator and operate it much like a spring-and-diaphragm. These designs use a single-actingpositioner that loads the piston chamber to movethe actuator and compress the spring. As air isunloaded, the spring forces the piston back. Thesedesigns use large, high output springs that arecapable of ov...

2−7 available within a given package size. Additionally,electric actuators are stiff, that is, resistant to valveforces. This makes them an excellent choice forgood throttling control of large, high-pressurevalves. Actuator Sizing The last step in the selection process is todetermine the required ac...

2−8 Table 2-2. Recommended Seat Load Per Leak Class for Control Valves Class I As required by customerspecification, no factory leak testrequired Class II 20 pounds per lineal inch of portcircumference Class III 40 pounds per lineal inch of portcircumference Class IV Standard (Lower) Seat only—40pou...

2−9 Table 2-3. Typical Packing Friction Values (Lb) Stem Size (Inches) ANSI Class PTFE Packing Graphite Ribbon/ Filament Single Double 5/16 All 20 30 – – – 3/8 125150250300 38 56 – – – 125 – – – 190 600900 1500 250320380 1/2 125150250300 50 75 – – – 180 – – – 230 600900 15002500 320410500590 5/8 125...

2−11 Actuator Selection Summary D Actuator selection must be based upon a balance of process requirements, valverequirements and cost. D Simple designs such as the spring-and- diaphragm are simpler, less expensive and easierto maintain. Consider them first in most situations. D Piston actuators offe...

www.Fisher.com *Some information in this introductory material has been extracted from ANSI/ISAS75.01 standard with the permission of the publisher, the ISA. { All terms are defined in the nomenclature section. Chapter 3 Liquid Valve Sizing Valves are selected and sized to perform aspecific function...

3−2 Figure 3-1. Liquid Critical Pressure Ratio Factor for Water equation. This is the mathematical statement ofconservation of the fluid mass. For steady flowconditions (one-dimensional) this equation iswritten as follows: ò VA + constant (3) Using these fundamental equations, we canexamine the flow...

3−3 applied and elevation changes have beenneglected (again using upstream conditions as areference): ò V 1 2 2 g c ) P 1 + ò V VC 2 2 g c ) P VC (6) In the equation below, equation 5 has beeninserted and rearranged: P VC + P 1 * ò V 1 2 2 g c ƪ ǒ A 1 A VC Ǔ 2 * 1 ƫ (7) Thus, at the point of minimum...

3−4 Figure 3-2. Liquid Critical Pressure Ratio Factor for Liquids Other Than Water A2738-1 In order to assure uniformity and accuracy, theprocedures for both measuring flow parametersand use in sizing are addressed by industrialstandards. The currently accepted standards aresponsored by the ISA. The...

* The ability to recognize which terms are appropriate for a specific sizingprocedure can only be acquired through experience with different valve sizing problems. If any of the above terms appears to be new or unfamiliar, refer to the Abbreviations and Terminology Table (table 3-1) for a complete d...

3−7 Table 3-2. Equation Constants (1) N w q p (2) g T d, D N 1 0.0865 0.865 1.00 - - -- - -- - - m 3 /h m 3 /h gpm kPa bar psia - - -- - -- - - - - -- - -- - - - - -- - -- - - N 2 0.00214 890 - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - mm inch N 5 0.00241 1000 - - -- - - - - -- - - - - --...

3−8 In the above equation, the “K” term is thealgebraic sum of the velocity head losscoefficients of all of the fittings that are attached tothe control valve. S K + K 1 ) K 2 ) K B 1 * K B 2 (20) where, K 1 = Resistance coefficient of upstream fittings K 2 = Resistance coefficient of downstream fit...

3−9 Figure 3-3. Liquid Critical Pressure Ratio Factor for Water For valves installed with fittings attached: D P max( LP ) + ǒ F LP F P Ǔ 2 ǒ P 1 * F F P V Ǔ (29) where, P 1 = Upstream absolute static pressure P 2 = Downstream absolute static pressure P v = Absolute vapor pressure at inlet temperatu...

3−10 anticipated requirements. The line size is 8-inches,and an ANSI Class 300 globe valve with an equalpercentage cage has been specified. Standardconcentric reducers will be used to install the valveinto the line. Determine the appropriate valve size. 1. Specify the necessary variables required to...

3−11 where, S K + K 1 ) K 2 + 1.5 ǒ 1 * d 2 D 2 Ǔ 2 + 1.5 ǒ 1 * 16 64 Ǔ 2 + 0.84 and F p + ƪ 1 ) S K N 2 ǒ C v d 2 Ǔ 2 ƫ * 1 ń 2 + ƪ 1 ) 0.84 890 ǒ 203 4 2 Ǔ 2 ƫ * 1 ń 2 + 0.93 and C v + q N 1 F p P 1 * P 2 G f Ǹ + 800 (1.0)(0.93) 25 0.5 Ǹ + 121.7 This solution indicates only that the NPS 4 valve is...

3−12 Once the value of the pulp stock correction factoris known, determining the required flow coefficientor flow rate is equivalent to basic liquid sizing. Forexample, consider the following: Q = 1000 gpm of 8% consistency Kraft pulp stock Δ P = 16 psid P 1 = 150 psia K p = 0.83 from figure 3-5 the...

www.Fisher.com Chapter 4 Cavitation and Flashing Severe Liquid Flow Sizing Proper control valve sizing is important tosuccessful plant operation. However, sizing is notalways straightforward. At times, it involvesconsidering phenomena beyond that of generalservice. Selecting the appropriate control ...

4−3 Figure 4-3. Typical Cavitation Damage W1350 where: F L = K m Ǹ F F = rc N 1 = units factor Cavitation Closely associated with the phenomenon ofchoked flow is the occurrence of cavitation. Simplystated, cavitation is the formation and collapse ofcavities in the flowing liquid. It is of specialcon...

4−4 Figure 4-5. Pressure Profiles for Flashing and Cavitating Flows A3445 If both of these conditions are met, the possibilityexists that cavitation will occur. Because of thepotentially damaging nature of cavitation, sizing avalve in this region is not recommended. Specialpurpose trims and products...

4−5 Figure 4-7. Viscous Flow Correction Factors A3446 losses were proportional to the square of thevelocity. In the laminar flow regime, these same losses arelinearly proportional to the velocity; in thetransitional regime, these losses tend to vary.Thus, for equivalent flow rates, the pressurediffe...

4−6 Figure 4-8. The implosion of cavitation vapor cavities is rapid, asymmetric and very energetic. The mechanics of collapse give rise to high velocity liquid jets, which impinge on metallic surfaces. Ultimately, the metal fatigues and breaks away in small pieces. E0111 For choked flow: Q max + F I...

4−7 dominant. Analytical estimations of vapor bubblecollapse pressures do not suggest that the shockwaves are on a damaging order of magnitude —at least during the initial collapse. Experimentalstudies bear this out. They also reveal thatresulting collapse pressures increase in magnitudewith subsequ...

4−8 F F = the liquid critical pressure ratio factor. Can be obtained from the following equation: F F + 0.96 * 0.28 P v P c Ǹ K c : Cavitation coefficient. A valve parameter dependent upon valve style and trim. It predictsthe beginning of cavitation related damage andvibration problems for a particu...

4−9 recent experience should be used to select thebest valve for specific applications. Hardware Choices for Flashing Applications It was stated previously that flashing is a liquidflow phenomenon that is defined by the system,and not by the valve design. Therefore, sinceflashing cannot be prevented...

4−10 Figure 4-10 . Rotary plug valves, such as the V500 Vee-Ball valve(reverse flow trim direction, trim level 3) have excellent erosion resistance and perform well in flashing service W8359 better resistance than the carbon steels, and thestainless steels have even better resistance than thechromiu...

4−11 impingement on a material surface will not occuras there is essentially no material surface. Thissystem design will help prevent flashing damage. Hardware Choices for Cavitating Applications The design of a control valve greatly affects theability of a valve to control cavitation. This sectiond...

4−12 Figure 4-13. By combining the geometric effects of thick plates and thin plates, it is possible to design a flow passage that optimizes capacity and recovery coefficient values. These carefully designed passages are used exclusively in Cavitrol cages. E0113−1 In the last restriction, where cavi...

4−13 Figure 4-14. Cavitrol IV trim provides cavitation protection at pressures to 6500 psi. It uses expanding flow areas to affect a four-stage pressure drop. All significant pressure drop is taken downstream of the shutoff seating surface. W3668−1 Separate Seating and Throttling Locations In a mode...

4−14 backpressure provided may allow cavitation tooccur. D If the backpressure device becomes worn, the backpressure will decrease and cavitation inthe valve may occur. Another disadvantage that is rarely mentionedoccurs when a valve is opened against a highupstream pressure. Until the flow reaches ...

www.Fisher.com Chapter 5 Gas Sizing This chapter addresses the six-step procedure forsizing control valves for compressible flow usingthe standardized ISA procedure. All six steps areoutlined below, and must be accounted for whensizing a valve for compressible flow. Steps threeand four are involved ...

5−2 to produce critical, or maximum, flow through thevalve when F k = 1.0 When the control valve to be installed has fittings,such as reducers or elbows attached to it, theireffect is accounted for in the expansion factorequation by replacing the x T term with a new factor x TP . A procedure for det...

5−3 source is a header maintained at 500 psig and500 _ F. A 6-inch line from the steam main to the process is being planned. Also, make theassumption that if the required valve size is lessthan 6 inches, it will be installed using concentricreducers. Determine the appropriate ED valve witha linear c...

5−4 C v = 236, from step three and K i + K 1 ) K B 1 + 0.5 ǒ 1 * d 2 D 2 Ǔ 2 ) ƪ 1 * ǒ d D Ǔ 4 ƫ + 0.5 ǒ 1 * 4 2 6 2 Ǔ 2 ) ƪ 1 * ǒ 4 6 Ǔ 4 ƫ + 0.96 where D = 6 inches so: X TP + 0.69 0.95 2 ƪ 1 ) (0.69)(0.96) 1000 ǒ 236 4 2 Ǔ 2 ƫ * 1 + 0.67 Finally: Y + 1 * x 3 F k x TP + 1 * 0.49 (3)(0.91)(0.67) + ...

5−7 Table 5-3. Flow Coefficient Table Gas or Liquid Flow Modified Equal Percentage Characteristic Valve Size, Inches Minimum Throttling C V (1) Coefficient s Valve Rotation, Degrees 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 8 86.7 C v 47.3 126 236 382 604 972 1600 3000 4960 K V 40.9 109 204 330 522 841 1380 2600 4...

www.Fisher.com Chapter 6 Control Valve Noise Noise has always been present in control valves.It is a natural side effect of the turbulence andenergy absorption inherent in control valves. Thischapter will address how noise is created, why itcan be a problem, and methods to attenuate noisecreated in ...

6−2 hertz, and the A-weighting factor is essentiallyzero in this range. Thus, there is negligibledifference between the dB and dBA ratings. Sound Characteristics Analyzing noise, in the context of piping andcontrol valves, requires consideration of its origin.This indicates how the noise will propag...

6−3 Table 6-2. Combined Noise Corrections dBA 1 - dBA 2 dBA Adder to Loudest Noise Source 0 3.01 1 2.54 2 2.12 3 1.76 4 1.46 5 1.2 6 <1 To use table 6-2:1. Determine the noise level of each source at the point where you want todetermine the combined noise level.2. Determine the arithmetic dB diff...

6−4 levels can be produced in a two-inch line with aslittle as a 200 psi pressure drop. Major sources ofaerodynamic noise are the stresses or shearforces present in turbulent flow. Some of the sources of turbulence in gastransmission lines are obstructions in the flowpath, rapid expansion or deceler...

6−5 times when this is the area of interest, but thenoise levels on the outside of that pipe are theprime requirement. This method must account forthe change in the noise as the reference locationmoves from inside the pipe to outside the pipe. The pipe wall has physical characteristics, due toits ma...

6−6 Figure 6-2 . Valve with Whisper Trim I and Inline Diffuser Combination W2618 When the pressure drop ratio exceeds 0.65, theWhisper Trim I cage loses its effectiveness.Diffusers, used in conjunction with the WhisperTrim I cage to divide the overall pressure drop intotwo stages, can extend the use...

6−7 Figure 6-4 . WhisperFlo Technology W7065 W7056 Fisher WhisperFlo t trim (figure 6-4) is well-suited for applications that have high noise levels andrequire large Cvs. It is effective in applications thathave a pressure drop ratio up to 0.99. When apressure drop ratio of .94 or higher is expected...

6−8 Figure 6-6 . Valve and Vent Diffuser Combination W2672 D Acoustical or thermal insulation The noise level near the valve can be lowered byapplying insulation to absorb the noise. Insulationabsorbs much of the noise that would normallyreach the atmosphere, but does not absorb any ofthe noise goin...

6−10 Control Valve Noise Summary The requirement for noise control is a function oflegislation to protect our wellbeing and to preventphysical damage to control valves and piping. Noise prediction is a well defined science. Actualresults will be within 5 dBA of predicted levels. Prediction is based ...

www.Fisher.com Chapter 7 Steam Conditioning Introduction Power producers have an ever-increasing need toimprove efficiency, flexibility, and responsivenessin their production operations. Changes resultingfrom deregulation, privatization, environmentalfactors, and economics are combining to alter the...

7−2 Figure 7-1 . Temperature enthalpy diagram for water. Note that the greatest amount of thermal energy input is used to vaporize the water. Maximum efficiency in heat transfer requires operation at near saturation temperature to recover this energy. E0117 300 200 100 32 0 0 500 1000 Btu added to 1...

7−5 Figure 7-4. The DMA/AF desuperheater utilizes variable-geometry, back-pressure activated spray nozzles. W6310-1 dependent on the pressure differential and thusprovide levels of performance that arecommensurate with the magnitude of thedifference. Obviously, the larger the water/steamdifferential...

7−6 Figure 7-6. The DSA desuperheater uses high-pressure steam for rapid and complete atomization of spraywater in low-velocity steam lines. W6311-2 Installation orientation is often overlooked, but acritical factor in the performance of the system.Correct placement of the desuperheater can havemore...

7−7 Figure 7-7. The DSA desuperheater utilizes two external control valves: a spraywater unit and an atomizing steam valve. DSA DESUPERHEATER C0817 / IL Figure 7-8. TBX-T Cooler W8786-1 comes to actual performance comparisons. Sincea desuperheater is not a final control element itsperformance is lin...

7−9 Figure 7-11. The TBX showing external spraywater manifold. W8520 provides Class V shutoff and a linear flowcharacteristic. The TBX typically uses high-performance,pneumatic piston actuators in combination withFIELDVUE Digital Valve Controllers to achieve fullstroke in less than two seconds while...

7−10 and pressure as well as the position of the valve.Upstream and spraywater enthalpies are thendetermined using an inherent steam table withinthe DCS. The total spraywater required iscalculated from a heat balance using the finalenthalpy into the condenser. This method oftemperature control is a ...

7−11 Figure 7-12. Turbine Bypass System E0866 the latest technology in pressure-reducing/lownoise trim to handle the flow and reduction ofpressure energy to acceptable levels. However,since steam throttling in a control valve is anisenthalpic process, desuperheating is required tocontrol the dischar...

7−12 Control of the HP bypass is normally initiated viafeedback input signals from the main steampressure and the cold reheat temperature. Theratio of steam to spraywater is normally inverselyproportional to the respective valve position,especially during startup and shutdown. This isbecause startup...

www.Fisher.com Chapter 8 Process Overview The modern pulp and paper mill is a complexmanufacturing process involving many variedtypes of operation. Many factors influence the typeof process used by a specific mill. Some of thesefactors include: type of wood available (hardwoodor softwood), type of p...

8−2 sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium sulfide(Na 2 S). This solution, known as white liquor, breaks down the glue-like lignin which binds thecellulose wood fibers together. Cellulose fibers areused to form a paper sheet on the paper machine. The primary piece of equipment in the pulp mill isthe coo...

8−5 pumped through screens and cleaners to the headbox. Screen and cleaners remove undesirableparticles such as dirt, grit and clumps of fibers, orchemical additives. The next step involving thehead box and forming wire actually begins theformation of a paper sheet. The head box acceptsstock and whi...

8−6 tie is usually established with the local utility. Thisalso allows the mill to remain in operation if theirelectrical production is curtailed or downcompletely. Most mills try to use as littlepurchased electricity as possible. Waste Treatment An important consideration for modern pulp andpaper m...

www.Fisher.com Chapter 9 Pulping Pulping is the process of converting wood materialto separate pulp fibers for paper making.Processes range from purely mechanical, in whichthe wood is ground into fibers by refiners orgrindstones, to chemical processes, in which thefibers are separated by chemically ...

9−2 E1387 PRESTEAMER CHIPS FRESH STEAM PCV-2 TMP PULP PCV-3 REFINER CYCLONE STEAM TOSTACK PCV-1 PCV-4 PROCESSSTEAM STEAM TORECOVERY Figure 9-1. Thermomechanical Pulping Process refiner. The refiner may then be fed with freshsteam via PCV-4, during startup, to increase thepressure to 60-75 psig or 30...

9−3 Chemical Pulping Chemical pulp is produced by combining woodchips and chemicals in large pressure vesselsknown as digesters (see chapter 3) where heatand the chemicals break down the lignin, whichbinds the cellulose fibers together, withoutseriously degrading the cellulose fibers. Chemicalpulp i...

www.Fisher.com Chapter 10A Digesters Batch Digesters – Kraft Pulping Kraft batch digesters have been produced inseveral different configurations, including rotating,horizontal, and spherical vessels. By far the mostprevalent configuration is the upright, cylindricalbatch digester. Typically a batch ...

10A −4 dry wood. However, these total liquor-to-wood andliquor-strength-to-wood ratios are difficult toenforce because on-line measurement of chipmoisture and weight have proven unreliable, andthe chemical strength of the white liquor solution isnot a stable or directly measurable variable.Sensor de...

10A −7 withstand digester-like pressures and so the reliefvalve will pop if the outlet for gas-off is pluggedwith pulp. Similarly, flashed vapor to a condensingdevice can create sufficient vacuum to collapse ablow tank. The vacuum relief valve provides amargin of safety against such an occurrence.Fr...

10A −8 Batch Digester – Low EnergyProcess Much has been written about the relatively newlow energy cooking process. Studies indicateimproved pulping properties and operatingefficiencies over conventional batch digesters.Some of the reported benefits of the low energyprocess are: D Significant steam ...

10A −10 Control Valve Selection General Service Valves Refer to figure 10A-6. PROCESS FISHER CONTROL VALVE PRODUCT DESIGN ValveTag # WARM BLACK LIQUOR ACCUMULATOR V150 V200 V300 V500 CV500 A81 Control- Disk Typical Valve Size Application Description Control Function HV−4 Warm liquor to warm fill pum...

10B −2 mass throughout the chip column which explains agrowing use of the two vessel digester system. Process Regardless of the type, a Kamyr continuousdigester combines the digesting and washingprocess into one vessel so that only one washingstage is required following the blow tank. Chipsfrom the ...

10B −3 Figure 10B-1. Chip Feeding E1214 speed drive on the chip meter drive. It is importantto keep the chip meter full in order to maintain asteady feed rate. A vibrator is provided on the chiphopper for intermittent use, as required, to ensurea steady feed of chips to the chip meter. Chips leaving...

10B −4 Figure 10B-2. Steaming Vessel E1215 — dP = 50 – 60 psid— Q = 2900 – 5000 lbs/hr D Typical valve selection: — This is specified by Kamyr as a NPS 8 toNPS 10 Fisher Vee-Ball t V150 valve, and could need an attenuator. Carbon steel bodymaterial has been used successfully,although stainless steel...

10B −11 — Q = 9000 gpm D Typical valve selection: — This valve is specified as a full bore ballvalve by Kamyr, and is referred to as theRO1 valve. It is normally open, and onlyclosed when the digester must be isolatedfrom the HP feeder. NPS 12 to NPS 16 insize with additional 1/8 inch thickness on R...

10B −12 — Q = 500 gpm D Typical valve selection: — Kamyr has specified a V150 Vee-Ballvalve, NPS 2 – NPS 3 size, with stainlesssteel body and ball, Nitronic 50 shaft, PEEKbearings, and an HD metal seal. Typically, afail closed actuator is used. Valve: LV-17 No. 2 Flash tank level Black liquor level ...

10B −14 shaft and no seal. Used in conjunction withthe 1061 actuator with a quad seal option,this assembly is capable of a relatively longlife in this service. Valve: KV-60C and D Bottomcirculation screen backflush valves These valves work in conjunction with tags KV-60A and B to ensure that the bot...

10B −15 — P = 170 psig 10— dP = 170 psi D Typical valve selection: — These are typically in the NPS 8 sizerange for KV-19 A, B, C, D and in the NPS 3size for KV-19 E and F. The DSV valve issuitable for this application. This is amodified 8510 body with a strengthenedshaft and no seal. Used in conjun...

10B −17 D Typical process conditions: — Fluid: Black liquor— T = 260 _ F — P = 185 – 195 psig— dP = 185 – 195 psi— Q = 1500 gpm D Typical valve selection: — These are typically in the NPS 3 to NPS 8range. The DSV valve is suitable for thisapplication. This is a modified 8510 bodywith a strengthened ...

www.Fisher.com Chapter 11 Black Liquor Evaporator & Concentrator The evaporator/concentrator system serves as abridge between the pulp mill and powerhouse.This is the first step in reclaiming spent cookingchemicals. The evaporator receives weak blackliquor from the pulp washers (or continuousdig...

11−3 below the lower tube sheet. As it boils orpercolates, a thin film of liquor rises up the insideof the tube or plate. The liquor overflows the uppertube sheet and falls via a downcomer pipe to atransfer pump. The vapor exits via a centrifugalseparator and is piped to the next effect. Thisdesign ...

11−4 Figure 11-2. Falling Film Concentrator E0895 Foul condensates are formed in both theevaporators and digesters. The primary reason forstripping foul condensate is pollution control. Acommon method of treatment involves feeding thecondensate to a stripping column or tower, whichis supplied with f...

www.Fisher.com Chapter 12 Kraft Recovery Boiler − Black Liquor System The kraft recovery boiler is the heart of a complexseries of chemical processes referred to as thekraft recovery cycle. The two main functions of thekraft recovery boiler are to: 1. Reclaim digester cooking chemicals, sodiumand su...

12−3 magnetic flow meters. If solids drop below 60%,auxiliary fuel is added due to the potential of asmelt/water explosion or bed “blackout”. If solidsfall below 57-58%, the liquor is diverted from thefurnace to the mix tank until solids reach anacceptable level. Each individual liquor feed linetypi...

12−5 Typical Specification: ES flow-down for on/off sootblowers. To conserve energy, mills have moved tothrottling sootblower valves. Use an ED. Tight shutoff not needed as sootblower nozzleshave tight shutoff. Model: ES for on/off, flow down, quick opening cage,Class VED for throttling, =% cage, fl...

www.Fisher.com Chapter 13 Recausticizing and Lime Recovery The recausticizing and lime recovery plant is thefinal step in the Kraft recovery process. It servesas a link between the Kraft recovery boiler and thedigester. The function of the recausticizing area isto convert the inorganic chemicals in ...

13−2 mud is admitted to precoat the outside of the filter.A vacuum is maintained on the inside of the filterwith a vacuum pump. The dregs slurry is pulledthrough the lime mud and filter media. A knifeblade removes the lime mud as it becomessaturated with dregs. The lime mud/dregs arehauled to a land...

13−3 operation and efficiency of the lime kiln.An accurate and reliable control valve isrequired for optimum performance. — The underflow valve must be appropriately sized to ensure the mudlevel in the tank never reaches the filtersocks. The filter cannot operate properlyif this occurs. D Typical Pr...

13−4 fresh water spray may also be used for furtherwashing of cooking chemicals from the lime mud.The dewatered lime mud is removed with ascraper blade and the filtrate sent to a mix tankfeeding the lime mud washer (or pressure filter).The operation is very similar to the dregs precoatfilter. Valve:...

www.Fisher.com Chapter 14 Bleaching and Brightening Bleaching and Brightening If the kraft pulp being produced is going to bebleached, then pulping is allowed to proceed until90% or more of the lignin originally found in thewood is removed; however, the small amount oflignin that is left gives unble...

14−3 Figure 14-2. Conventional Bleaching Process Drawing is from TAPPI’s Making Pulp and Paper Series and is used with permission. alternating pattern of acidic and alkaline stageshelps to break down the increasingly smalleramounts of residual lignin, ultimately dissolving themajority of the lignin ...

14−5 brightness effect is even reversible when the finalproduct is exposed to sunlight. Mechanical pulping bleaching is done with sodiumhydrosulfite (Na 2 S 2 O4) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). A two-stage alkaline sequence can be used to raise the brightness of chemi-thermomechanical pulp to 85%...

www.Fisher.com Chapter 15 Stock Preparation Stock preparation is the start of the papermakingprocess and is the controlling factor over finalpaper quality and how well the paper machineruns. To be more specific, this process preparesthe fibers for the paper machine. In order for thisto occur, the fi...

15−2 Figure 15-2. Pulper Drawing is from TAPPI’s Making Pulp and Paper Series and is used with permission. diluted to a slurry in order to break the fibers apartbefore they are pumped toward the papermachine. Pulpers Pulpers, also known as repulpers or slashers, helpto break down the bales into indi...

15−3 Figure 15-4. Disc Refiner Drawing is from TAPPI’s Making Pulp and Paper Series and is used with permission. 2. Jordan (or Conical) refiner: In this type, the rotating plug (rotor) and its housing (stator) arefitted with metal bars oriented lengthwise. Thefibers flow parallel to the bars. The po...

15−4 Figure 15-7. Thin Stock System Drawing is from TAPPI’s Making Pulp and Paper Series and is used with permission. Figure 15-8. Fan Pump Drawing is from TAPPI’s Making Pulp and Paper Series and is used with permission. Thin Stock Process This section will describe the thin stock processesof clean...

15−5 Figure 15-10. Fisher Vee-Ball and SKF Actuator Basis Weight Valve Figure 15-11. Disc Saveall Drawing is from TAPPI’s Making Pulp and Paper Series and is used with permission. forming section of the paper machine and iscontinually recycled back to the headbox. Thewater, called white water due to...

15−6 Figure 15-13. Primary Cleaners Drawing is from TAPPI’s Making Pulp and Paper Series and is used with permission. Figure 15-14. Secondary Cleaners Drawing is from TAPPI’s Making Pulp and Paper Series and is used with permission. successive bank of cleaners contains fewerindividual units than the...

15−7 Figure 15-15. Deaeration Chamber Drawing is from TAPPI’s Making Pulp and Paper Series and is used with permission. Figure 15-16. Compact Stock Prep System Drawing is from TAPPI’s Making Pulp and Paper Series and is used with permission. separated from pulp on screens, whereas otherssimilar or s...

15−8 Figure 15-19. Centrifugal Deaeration Chamber Figure 15-17. Compact Stock Mixing Tank Drawing is from TAPPI’s Making Pulp and Paper Se- ries and is used with per- mission. Figure 15-18. Centrifugal Deaeration Chamber Drawing is from TAPPI’s Making Pulp and Paper Series and is used with permissio...

www.Fisher.com Chapter 16 Wet-End Chemistry In this chapter, we will be discussing materials,other than fibers, that are added to the slurry offibers before paper is formed. It is important tokeep in mind that there are two types of additives. 1. Functional additives— These additions are treatments ...

16−2 Figure 16-1. Stock Approach System Drawing is from TAPPI’s Making Pulp and Paper Series and is used with permission. Fillers For most copy paper, around 15 - 30% of thepapers are fillers; the majority of which is clay andPCC — precipitated calcium carbonate. Theseadditions are generally made to...

16−3 Titanium Dioxide (TiO 2 ) Applications Titanium dioxide is used as a paper additive toincrease brightness and opacity. It is a fine whitepowder that is added at a low flow rate as a slurryto pulp stock. The process is very erosive andrequires fine control and tight shutoff. Typical Specificatio...

www.Fisher.com Chapter 17 Paper Machine Wet End The paper machine is essentially a series ofprocesses all tied together (figure 17-1). Theseprocesses are designed to take fibers in a diluteslurry of water and produce a dried web of paper.The paper machine is described in two parts: thewet end, which...

17−2 Figure 17-2. Drawing is from TAPPI’s Making Pulp and Paper Series and is used with permission. Figure 17-3. Multitube Tapered Manifold Drawing is from TAPPI’s Making Pulp and Paper Series and is used with permission. Headbox From the manifold, stock enters the headboxthrough a series of tubes. ...

17−3 Figure 17-5. Hydraulic Headbox Drawing is from TAPPI’s Making Pulp and Paper Series and is used with permission. turbulence inside the headbox and to break up thefiber flocs so fibers are well distributed. This typeis good for slower paper machines and specialtymachines with a wide range of flo...

17−4 fabric producing a mat of fiber on the fabricsurface. The jet velocity at which the stock isdeposited onto the fabric is very important. Thisprocess controls fiber alignment and affects thestrength properties in the direction of web travel.This wire will continuously travel the length of thewet...

17−5 Figure 17-7. Stratified Headbox Drawing is from TAPPI’s Making Pulp and Paper Series and is used with permission. Figure 17-8. Cylinder Former Drawing is from TAPPI’s Making Pulp and Paper Series and is used with permission. D Water can be drained in a much shorter distance. D The technology is...

17−6 Figure 17-10. Top-Wire Former Drawing is from TAPPI’s Making Pulp and Paper Series and is used with permission. D Top-Wire or Hybrid Formers — This device sits on top of a conventional fourdrinier single-wireformer and deposits a jet from the headbox ontothe single wire (figure 17-10). The wire...

17−7 Figure 17-11. Straight-Through Press Drawing is from TAPPI’s Making Pulp and Paper Series and is used with permission. Figure 17-12. Roll Press Drawing is from TAPPI’s Making Pulp and Paper Series and is used with permission. sheet enters the ingoing nip between the two rolls,pressure builds an...

17−8 Figure 17-15. Modern Straight-Through Press Drawing is from TAPPI’s Making Pulp and Paper Series and is used with permission. Figure 17-14. Shoe Press Nip Drawing is from TAPPI’s Making Pulp and Paper Series and is used with permission. fabric by passing over a suction box on the returnrun. D E...

17−9 Figure 17-16. Two-Tier Drying System Drawing is from TAPPI’s Making Pulp and Paper Series and is used with permission. Drying After pressing, the sheet is conveyed through thedryer section where the residual water is removedby evaporation. This is due to the cellulose fibersbeing hydrophilic an...

17−11 the type of hood arrangement, 7 - 20 pounds of airare utilized for each pound of water evaporated.To prevent drips, buildup and corrosion within thehood, the volume and temperature of exhaust airmust be sufficient to avoid localized condensation. Modern generation hoods, also called “high-dewp...

www.Fisher.com Chapter 18 Boilers — Water/Steam Cycle The efficient production of steam and electricity isan important function in the overall process of pulpand paper production. These items are basic rawmaterials required in large quantities for themanufacturing of pulp and paper. In years past, t...

18−2 Boiler Feedwater System The BFW system begins at the DA and ends atthe inlet to the economizer. The main componentsare the DA, the boiler feed pump, and the highpressure feedwater heaters. The main purpose ofthe BFW system is to condition the feedwater forentry into the boiler. The DA removes u...

18−3 trim can be designed to handle the cavitatingconditions at startup and then standard equalpercentage or linear characteristic for steady-stateconditions to maximize capacity. Another commonissue in both the startup and regulator valves is tosee them operated below the minimum operatingpoint. Th...

18−4 are used for furnace walls and have a very shortlance with a nozzle at the tip. The lance rotates asit moves into the furnace and cleans the depositsfrom the wall in a circular pattern. Retractablesootblowers are used in high flue gas temperaturezones. These operate the same as the wallblower, ...

18−5 Typical Specifications: D easy-e, EW, or HP D Whisper Trim D FIELDVUE digital valve controller with low travel cutoff Optional: D Inline diffuser (if extra noise attenuation is needed) Turbine Bypass Steam turbines generate electricity throughpressure reduction and are becoming increasinglypopu...