Page 2 - TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF PROCESSORS; that can support them. These features are listed here:; C H A P T E R 6
TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF PROCESSORS The processor installed on a motherboard is the primary component that determines thecomputing power of the system (see Figure 6-1). The two major manufacturers of processorsare Intel ( www.intel.com ) and AMD ( www.amd.com ). Processors are rated based on sev...
Page 3 - Types and Characteristics of Processors; Feature 5; HyperTransport; Feature 8; HOW A PROCESSOR WORKS
241 Types and Characteristics of Processors 6 A+ 220-701 Feature 5 . The amount of memory included with the processor, called a memory cache. Today’s processors all have some memory on the processor chip (called a die).Memory on the processor die is called Level 1 cache (L1 cache) . Memory in the pr...
Page 4 - internal bus; P R O C E S S O R F R E Q U E N C Y O R S P E E D; Processor frequency; O v e r c l o c k i n g; overclocking; T h r o t t l i n g; Notes
Registers are small holding areas on the processor chip that work much as RAM does outside the processor. Registers hold counters, data, instructions, and addresses that the ALUis currently processing. In addition to registers, the processor has its own internal memorycaches (L1, L2, and possibly L3...
Page 5 - motherboard, creating a
243 Types and Characteristics of Processors 6 A+ 220-701 when demands on the processor are low. Processor technologies that can throttle a CPU arePowerNow! by AMD and Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology (EIST) by Intel. You willlearn about BIOS settings that affect power management later in the chap...
Page 6 - M E M O R Y C A C H E A N D T H E M E M O R Y C O N T R O L L E R; memory cache; DRAM; “D-Ram”) and memory in a memory cache is; static RAM; or; SRAM
C H A P T E R 6 244 Supporting Processors M E M O R Y C A C H E A N D T H E M E M O R Y C O N T R O L L E R A memory cache , such as an L1, L2, or L3 cache, is RAM that holds data and instructions that the memory controller anticipates the processor will need next. Using a cache improves perform-anc...
Page 7 - T E C H N O L O G I E S T H E P R O C E S S O R C A N U S E; microcode
245 Types and Characteristics of Processors 6 A+ 220-701 than DRAM. To make DIMMs of SRAM would significantly increase the cost of a system.Therefore, a processor has a small memory cache and the bulk of memory is stored in DIMMs. Notice in Figure 6-4 that a memory controller is included in the proc...
Page 8 - Execute Disable Bit; or reproducing itself if it appears to be malicious.; INTEL PROCESSORS; Processor
C H A P T E R 6 246 Supporting Processors 9. Execute Disable Bit by Intel is a security feature that prevents software from executing or reproducing itself if it appears to be malicious. 10. Recall from Chapter 2 that a processor can use 32-bit instructions and operatingsystems or 64-bit instruction...
Page 10 - Using the; Centrino; AMD PROCESSORS; ) to identify the exact
C H A P T E R 6 248 Supporting Processors Figure 6-7 Processor Spec Finder using the Intel Web site Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning Some of the Intel mobile processors are packaged in the Centrino processor technology. Using the Centrino technology, the Intel processor, chipset, and wir...
Page 12 - COOLING METHODS AND DEVICES; cooler; (see Figure 6-9) sits on top of the processor and consists of a fan; heat sink; ) multisocket cooler shown in Figure 6-10 is made of copper and; thermal compound; is placed between the bottom of the cooler heatsink and the top of
C H A P T E R 6 250 Supporting Processors Figure 6-9 A cooler sits on top of a processor to help keep it cool Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning We now turn our attention to methods and devices to keep the processor and the entire system cool. COOLING METHODS AND DEVICES The processor prod...
Page 13 - Cooling Methods and Devices
251 Cooling Methods and Devices 6 A+ 220-701 Figure 6-10 The Thermaltake V1 cooper cooler fits Intel 1366 and 775 and AMD AM2, 939, and 754 sockets Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning Preapplied thermalcompound Figure 6-11 Thermal compound is already stuck to the bottom of this cooler that ...
Page 14 - CASE FANS AND OTHER FANS AND HEAT SINKS; case fan; to help draw air out of the case. Figure 6-13
C H A P T E R 6 252 Supporting Processors 3-pin CPU fan power cord 4-pin CPU fan header Figure 6-12 A cooler fan gets its power from a 4-pin PWM header on the motherboard Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning Install case fan here Install power supply here Figure 6-13 Install a case fan on th...
Page 15 - LIQUID COOLING SYSTEMS
253 Cooling Methods and Devices 6 A+ 220-701 Processors and graphics cards are the two highest heat producers in a system. Some graphics cards come with a fan on the side of the card. You can also purchase heat sinksand fans to mount on a card to keep it cool. Another solution is to use a fan card m...
Page 16 - liquid cooling system; DEALING WITH DUST
C H A P T E R 6 254 Supporting Processors Figure 6-16 A liquid cooling system pumps liquid outside away from components where fans canthen cool the liquid Courtesy of Thermaltake (USA) Inc. the max a processor in a gaming computer. These cooling systems might include a PCI cardthat has a power suppl...
Page 17 - V i d e o
255 Cooling Methods and Devices 6 A+ 220-701 they’re concerned that the vacuum might produce ESD.However, inside the PC case, it’s safe to use a special antista-tic vacuum designed to be used around sensitive equipment (see Figure 6-18). If you don’t have one of these vacuums, you can use a can of c...
Page 18 - SELECTING AND INSTALLING A PROCESSOR; SELECT A PROCESSOR TO MATCH SYSTEM NEEDS
C H A P T E R 6 256 Supporting Processors In the next part of the chapter, you’ll learn the detailed steps to select and install a proces- sor in each of the popular Intel and AMD sockets used by a desktop computer. A+ Exam Tip Content on the A+ 220-701 Essentials exam ends here and content on the A...
Page 19 - Selecting and Installing a Processor; APPLYING CONCEPTS
257 Selecting and Installing a Processor 6 A+ 220-702 Your friend, Alice, is working toward her A+ certifica- tion. She has decided the best way to get the experi- ence she needs to sit for the exam is to build a system from scratch. She has purchased an ASUS motherboard and asked you for some help ...
Page 20 - INSTALL A PROCESSOR; I N S TA L L I N G A N I N T E L P R O C E S S O R I N S O C K E T 1 3 6 6; Read all directions carefully and follow them in order.
INSTALL A PROCESSOR Now let’s look at the details of installing a processor in anIntel LGA1366, LGA775, 478, and AMD AM2+ socket. I N S TA L L I N G A N I N T E L P R O C E S S O R I N S O C K E T 1 3 6 6 The Intel Core i7 Processor 920 we’re installing in Socket 1366 is shown in Figure 6-19.The pro...
Page 26 - I N S TA L L I N G A N I N T E L P R O C E S S O R I N S O C K E T 7 7 5
C H A P T E R 6 264 Supporting Processors Figure 6-32 Verify the CPU is recognized correctly by BIOS setupCourtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning the system, turn it on, and verify all is working. If the power comes on (you hear the fanspinning and see lights), but the system fails to work, mos...
Page 30 - I N S TA L L I N G A N I N T E L P R O C E S S O R I N S O C K E T 4 7 8
C H A P T E R 6 268 Supporting Processors Four holes forcooler fasteners Cooler powerconnector Figure 6-39 The cooler is installed on the motherboard using four holes in the motherboardCourtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning CPU Socket 478 Frame to hold cooler Figure 6-40 A Pentium installed in...
Page 31 - Put thermal compound on the processor or the bottom of the cooler.
269 Selecting and Installing a Processor 6 A+ 220-702 frame might come separately from the board or be preinstalled. If necessary, followthe directions that come with the motherboard to install the frame. 2. Put thermal compound on the processor or the bottom of the cooler. 3. Carefully examine the ...
Page 32 - I N S TA L L I N G A N A M D P R O C E S S O R I N S O C K E T A M 2 +
C H A P T E R 6 270 Supporting Processors Figure 6-43 Connect the CPU fan power cord to the motherboard fan headerCourtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning Four alignmentpositions Figure 6-44 Orient the four empty positions on the bottom of the processor with those in the socketCourtesy: Course T...
Page 35 - BIOS POWER MANAGEMENT SETTINGS FOR THE PROCESSOR; In
273 Selecting and Installing a Processor 6 A+ 220-702 BIOS POWER MANAGEMENT SETTINGS FOR THE PROCESSOR After the processor is installed and you have verified other processor settings in BIOS setup, it’s a good idea to check power management settings that pertain tothe processor. These settings are d...
Page 36 - TROUBLESHOOTING THE MOTHERBOARD AND PROCESSOR; Caution
C H A P T E R 6 274 Supporting Processors A+ Exam Tip The A+ 220-702 Practical Application exam expects you to know how to troubleshoot problems with motherboards and processors. TROUBLESHOOTING THE MOTHERBOARD AND PROCESSOR Recall that items that can be exchanged without returning the motherboard t...
Page 37 - Troubleshooting the Motherboard and Processor; PROBLEMS WITH INSTALLATIONS; Reinstall the processor and try the boot again.
275 Troubleshooting the Motherboard and Processor 6 A+ 220-702 In the following sections, we’ll look at descriptions of some common problems and what to do about them when installations of the processor or motherboard fail and whenproblems with the processor or motherboard occur during normal operat...
Page 39 - Open the computer case and check the following:; PROBLEMS WITH THE MOTHERBOARD OR PROCESSOR; Symptoms that a motherboard or processor is failing can appear as:
277 Troubleshooting the Motherboard and Processor 6 A+ 220-702 If you have just installed a new motherboard that is not working, check the following: 1. Are the system and monitor plugged in and turned on? Are the monitor, keyboard,and mouse connected to the system? 2. Have you installed the front c...
Page 40 - Flash BIOS to update the firmware on the board.
C H A P T E R 6 278 Supporting Processors Remember the troubleshooting principle to check the simple things first. The mother- board and processor are expensive and time consuming to replace. Unless you’re certainthe problem is one of these two components, don’t replace either until you first elimin...
Page 41 - Exchange the processor.; PROBLEMS WITH OVERHEATING; Here are some symptoms that a system is overheating:
279 Troubleshooting the Motherboard and Processor 6 A+ 220-702 7. Update all drivers of board components that are not working. For example, if the USBports are not working, try updating the USB drivers with those downloaded from themotherboard manufacturer’s Web site. This process can also update th...
Page 45 - Intel and AMD both recommend a; BOOT PROBLEMS BEFORE THE OPERATING SYSTEM LOADS
283 Troubleshooting the Motherboard and Processor 6 A+ 220-702 Chassis air guide Figure 6-55 Use a chassis air guide to direct outside air over the coolerCourtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning An intake fan on the front of the case might help pull air into the case. Intel recom- mends you use ...
Page 46 - T R O U B L E S H O O T I N G P O S T B E F O R E V I D E O I S A C T I V E
C H A P T E R 6 284 Supporting Processors Begin troubleshooting Does the PC boot to the Windows desktop with no errors? Is the screen blank? Problems after the boot are not covered in this section. Can you hear a spinning drive or fan or see lights? Can you hear a single beep during the boot? See Ch...
Page 47 - Award BIOS and Phoenix BIOS:
285 Troubleshooting the Motherboard and Processor 6 A+ 220-702 One beep followed by three, Motherboard problems, possibly with DMA, BIOS setup chip, four, or five beeps timer, or system bus. Most likely the motherboard will needreplacing. Two beeps The POST numeric code is displayed on the monitor. ...
Page 48 - T R O U B L E S H O O T I N G V I D E O
C H A P T E R 6 286 Supporting Processors Figure 6-57 The BIOS manufacturer’s Web site is a good source of information about beep codesCourtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning 7. Sometimes a dead computer can be fixed by simply disassembling it and reseatingcables, adapter cards, and DIMMs. Bad ...
Page 49 - Is the monitor electrical cable plugged in?; T R O U B L E S H O O T I N G E R R O R M E S S A G E S D U R I N G T H E B O O T
287 Troubleshooting the Motherboard and Processor 6 A+ 220-702 assume the problem must be with the monitor or the monitor cable. Ask these questionsand try these things: 1. Is the monitor electrical cable plugged in? 2. Is the monitor turned on? Try pushing the power button on the front of the monit...
Page 51 - Chapter Summary; C H A P T E R S U M M A RY
289 Chapter Summary 6 Jessica complained to Wally, her PC support technician, that Windows was occasionally giving errors, data would get corrupted, or an application would not work as it should. At first, Wally suspected Jessica might need a little more training in how to open and close an applicat...
Page 52 - Case fans help to draw air into and out of the case.
C H A P T E R 6 290 Supporting Processors A processor’s memory cache inside the processor housing can be an L1 cache (containedon the processor die), L2 cache (off the die), and L3 cache (farther from the core thanL2 cache). The processor multiplier is the value the system bus speed is multiplied by...
Page 53 - Reviewing the Basics; K E Y T E R M S; Who are the two major manufacturers of processors?
291 Reviewing the Basics 6 The symptom of the system becoming unstable, hanging, or freezing at odd times canhave multiple causes, including a failing power supply, RAM, hard drive, motherboardor processor, Windows errors, and overheating. When troubleshooting, eliminate the simple and less expensiv...
Page 54 - T H I N K I N G C R I T I C A L LY
C H A P T E R 6 292 Supporting Processors 6. What is the name of the Intel technology that allows a processor to handle multiplethreads at the same time? 7. How many threads can a quad-core processor handle at once? 8. What is the name of the memory cache that is shared by cores in a multi-core proc...
Page 55 - H A N D S - O N P R O J E C T S; Recognizing Processors
293 Hands-On Projects 6 >> H A N D S - O N P R O J E C T S PROJECT 6-1: Recognizing Processors Using your home or lab computer, open the computer case and examine the processor andcooler assembly. Answer these questions: 1. What motherboard is installed? 2. What processor is installed? 3. What...
Page 56 - Inserting and Removing a Processor; R E A L P R O B L E M S , R E A L S O L U T I O N S; Troubleshooting a Hung System
C H A P T E R 6 294 Supporting Processors Answer these questions about the motherboard: 1. What is the manufacturer and model number of the motherboard? 2. What is the frequency of the motherboard FSB? 3. What operating systems does the board support? 4. What processors does the board support? PROJE...
Page 57 - Real Problems, Real Solutions
295 Real Problems, Real Solutions 6 You suspect overheating might be the problem. To test your theory, you decide to do thefollowing: 1. You want to verify that the user has not overclocked the system. How do you do that? 2. You decide to check for overheating by examining the temperature of the sys...
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